[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":152},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article-middle-assyrian-empire-zh-tw":3},{"id":4,"name":5,"keywords":4,"slug":6,"author":7,"status":4,"defaultLang":4,"ogImage":8,"ogType":9,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"isDeleted":4,"availableLangs":4,"i18nMeta":12,"relatedBlogs":23},null,"中亚述时期","middle-assyrian-empire","卜可","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278631594_720_000185_1715738051610.jpg","article","2026-02-05T16:03:58","2024-06-27T10:56:23",{"name":13,"h1Title":14,"title":15,"subtitle":4,"keywords":16,"content":17,"overview":4,"description":18,"ogTitle":19,"ogDescription":20,"preface":4,"note":4,"langCode":21,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"priority":22,"author":7},"中亞述時期","中亞述時期:亞述從城邦到強國的崛起之路","中亞述時期|亞述帝國 阿淑爾烏巴里特一世 米坦尼 阿瑪納信件","中亞述,阿淑爾烏巴里特一世,阿淑爾","## 中亞述時期\n\n中亞述時期,時間跨度約為公元前 14 世紀中葉 - 前 10 世紀中葉,核心階段為公元前 1365 年**阿淑爾烏巴里特一世**(Ashur-uballit I,公元前 1365- 前 1330 年)即位至前 1050 年。\n\n中亞述是古代亞述歷史上的重要發展階段,介於古亞述時期與新亞述帝國崛起之間。 這一時期始於亞述擺脫赫梯等外部勢力影響、逐步恢復獨立與擴張,以\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Ashur\" lon=\"43.2625\" lat=\"35.4565\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">亞述城\u003C/span>(Assur)為核心,通過軍事征服與外交手段,逐步控制\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mesopotamia\" lon=\"43.4837\" lat=\"34.5338\" year=\"-4000\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">美索不達米亞\u003C/span>北部及周邊地區,成為區域性強國。 中亞述以**《中亞述法典》**聞名,體現了當時成熟的國家治理能力,在王權強化、行政管理、軍事組織等方面取得重要進展,為後來新亞述帝國(公元前 911 年以後)的全面崛起奠定基礎,是亞述從城邦國家邁向帝國的關鍵過渡階段。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.29/1763613356522_Médio-assyrien.jpg\" alt=\"中亚述疆域\" width=\"80%\"/>\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">公元前13世紀中葉,中亞述帝國的疆域示意圖。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n公元前 16 至前 13 世紀,亞述地區最重大的事件是胡里安人(Hurrian)的入侵。 從語言與宗教信仰判斷,該族群可能起源於北部\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Armenia\" lon=\"45.0407\" lat=\"40.0706\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">亞美尼亞\u003C/span>高原。 約公元前 1550 年左右,胡里安人在\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Euphrates River\" lon=\"38.6321\" lat=\"39.183\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">幼發拉底河\u003C/span>東岸、敘利亞等地建立多個王國,其中最強盛的為米坦尼王國。 米坦尼的崛起極大改變近東格局,此後兩百餘年間,亞述淪為其附庸。\n\n公元前 1472 年,一位米坦尼國王打敗埃及法老圖特摩斯三世(tuthmosis III,約公元前 1479 年 - 前 1425 年)(但此記載與埃及史料不符,古埃及文獻中圖特摩斯三世一生未嘗敗績),隨後進軍兩河流域,征服亞述與巴比倫,成為近東霸主。 這一時期,亞述、巴比倫、埃及、赫梯均受米坦尼控制或制約;多位米坦尼公主嫁與埃及法老,作為兩國聯盟的象徵。\n\n儘管再度臣服於周邊強權,但與依附古巴比倫時期一樣,亞述人仍保留了自身強大的文化基因。\n\n## 阿淑爾烏巴里特一世,亞述的第一位國王\n\n米坦尼的霸權並沒有維持很久,北方的赫梯帝國在公元前 1400 年之後崛起,在其國王蘇皮魯流馬一世(Suppiluliuma I,公元前1370年-公元前1330年)統治時期沉重地打擊了米坦尼帝國。 當米坦尼陷入衰弱後,曾經的附屬國亞述抓住了這一機會,同樣在一位強有力的領袖,即阿淑爾烏巴里特一世(Ashur-uballit I,公元前1365-前1330年)的帶領下擺脫了米坦尼的控制,隨後開始重新崛起並向外擴張。 在這段時期,亞述鞏固了對\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Ashur\" lon=\"43.2625\" lat=\"35.4565\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">阿淑爾城\u003C/span>(Ashur)和\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Nineveh\" lon=\"43.1517\" lat=\"36.3557\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">尼尼微城\u003C/span>(Nineveh)的統治,從此開始,直到公元前 612 年亞述帝國滅亡,這兩座城市外加\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Arbela\" lon=\"44\" lat=\"36\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">阿比拉城\u003C/span>(Arbela)所形成的三角區域,都始終隸屬於亞述的核心統治區。\n\n阿淑爾烏巴里特一世的統治非常成功,是亞述第一位採用 「國王」 頭銜的統治者(亞述統治者之前的名號為 「亞述神的助手」),讓亞述王國搖身一變成為了近東地區歷史進程的主要參與者。 他擊退了赫梯人從而擺脫了後者的掣肘,占領了不少原屬於米坦尼的土地,甚至讓亞述的力量一度強大得可以乾涉加喜特巴比倫的王位。 這位亞述王將自己的一位公主嫁給了巴比倫國王,其子後來繼承了加喜特王位;但隨後巴比倫發生叛亂,謀逆者殺死了巴比倫國王,即阿淑爾烏巴里特一世的外孫,這引起了兩國的戰火。 隨後亞述軍隊浩浩蕩蕩地開入\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Babylon City\" lon=\"44.4192\" lat=\"32.5352\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">巴比倫城\u003C/span>並驅逐了篡位者,扶持阿淑爾烏巴里特一世的曾外孫庫瑞噶爾祖二世(Kurigalzu Ⅱ,公元前1332年-前1308年)坐上王位,希望通過這樣的關係讓巴比倫的王權受制於亞述帝國。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000185/000185_1715738051610.jpg\" alt=\"亚述王写过埃及法老的信件\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/544695\" target=\"_blank\">MET\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">阿瑪納信件(the Amarna Letters)之一。 這封用阿卡德語書寫的信件,是阿淑爾烏巴里特一世寫給埃及法老(很可能是埃赫那吞)的。 亞述王派出了一名私人信使,向埃及國王贈送禮物,從而和這個超級大國進行溝通。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n也許因為距離原因,亞述採取遠交近攻策略,阿淑爾烏巴里特一世與埃及保持了較好的關係,兩國國王的信件(即阿瑪納信件的一部分,the Amarna Letters,出土於\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Amarna Site\" lon=\"30.9033\" lat=\"27.657\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"8\">阿瑪納遺址\u003C/span>)至今仍被保留。 根據泥板記載,首次示好的亞述王讓特使為埃及法老埃赫那吞(公元前1339年-前1322年)送來一輛戰車、兩匹馬,以及一顆產於阿富汗的珍貴青金石。 但他似乎非常關注使者返回亞述的時間,他用亞述語寫到:\n\n> 不要讓我的使者久留,他只需了解你和你的國家,然後就應該盡快返回。\n\u003Cbr>\n> -- 阿淑爾烏巴里特一世\n\n第二封信則內容更多一些,但語氣仍然不如我們想象般委婉,他用當時的「國際通用語言」巴比倫語寫到:\n\n> 黃金在你的國家就像沙土,人們只需把它匯集起來即可,為什麼你要如此吝惜這些黃金呢? 我正在修建一座宮殿,給我多送些黃金好做裝飾。\n我們兩國路途遙遠,我的使者長途跋涉難道只是為了這樣(糟糕)的結果嗎?\n\u003Cbr>\n> -- 阿淑爾烏巴里特一世\n\n埃赫那吞雖然忙於建造新首都\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Akhetaten\" lon=\"30.8962\" lat=\"27.6453\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">埃赫塔頓\u003C/span>(他對亞洲的事務總體上並不關注),但後來也派出了外交使者去回訪了亞述,讓阿淑爾烏巴里特一世非常興奮,顯然他得到了來自埃及的黃金:\n\n> 很高興接見了你派來的使者,他們會與我同住,盡享榮華。\n\u003Cbr>\n> -- 阿淑爾烏巴里特一世\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000185/000185_1715738162532.png\" alt=\"埃赫那吞和一些信件残片\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://historicaleve.com/the-amarna-letters/#google_vignette\" target=\"_blank\">Historical eve\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">埃赫那吞與一些出土於\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Amarna Site\" lon=\"30.9033\" lat=\"27.657\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"8\">阿瑪納遺址\u003C/span>的「阿瑪納信件」殘片。 這些信件來自從阿蒙霍特普三世(公元前1378年-前1339年)統治後期開始,包括了埃赫那吞(公元前1339年-前1322年)的整個統治期,以及圖坦卡蒙(公元前1336-1327年)統治初期為止的這段時期,是當時埃及與中東大國之間國際關係的特殊見證。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n儘管和巴比倫王室有親緣上的關聯,但阿淑爾烏巴里特一世死後,他的曾外孫,巴比倫王庫瑞噶爾祖二世便不再屈從於亞述,兩國交惡並爆發了激烈的衝突。 最終巴比倫被迫議和,並因為自己的魯莽行為而丟失了不少土地。 後續的幾位亞述國王則繼續了擴張政策,征服了大批周圍的遊牧部族,還打敗了曾經的宿敵胡里安人以及庫提人(Guti)。 到了公元前 13 世紀末,亞述已經控制了原先屬於米坦尼帝國的大部分領地,其西部國界直抵\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Euphrates River\" lon=\"38.6321\" lat=\"39.183\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">幼發拉底河\u003C/span>河畔,並分別與南方的巴比倫王國和西北方的赫梯王國繼續對抗。\n\n## 參考資料\n\n\n\n《古代亚述简史》；卡伦·拉德纳；颜海英 常洋铭[译]；外语教学与研究出版社 2021-04\n\n《亚述：世界历史上第一个帝国的兴衰》；[美] 埃卡特·弗拉姆；翟思诺[译]；中信出版社 2024-11\n\n《世界史的故事》苏珊·怀斯·鲍尔；徐彬[译]；中信出版社 2023-04\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire\" target=\"_blank\">Middle Assyrian Empire\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://www.worldhistory.org/assur/\" target=\"_blank\">Assur\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_letters\" target=\"_blank\">Amarna letters\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n---\n\n","中亞述時期(前 14 世紀 - 前 10 世紀)是亞述崛起的關鍵階段,擺脫米坦尼控制、擴張疆域、頒布《中亞述法典》,為新亞述帝國奠基。","中亞述時期:近東強權亞述的崛起與擴張","阿淑爾烏巴里特一世帶領亞述擺脫米坦尼附庸地位,對外擴張、與埃及建交,逐步成為美索不達米亞北部強權。","zh-tw",0.7,[24,32,40,48,56,64,72,80,88,96,104,112,120,128,136,144],{"id":25,"name":26,"keywords":4,"slug":27,"author":7,"ogImage":28,"isBlog":4,"createDate":29,"updateDate":30,"description":31},"56cb3572d0204baca29ad9a49ba0ba43","中亞述的第二次擴張","tiglath-pileser-i","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283141726_720_000185_1719457481669.jpg","2026-03-06T12:49:29","2026-03-06T12:50:00","提格拉特 - 帕拉沙爾一世帶領中亞述再度擴張,西征地中海、東敗埃蘭、南征巴比倫,卻在其死後迅速退回核心區。",{"id":33,"name":34,"keywords":4,"slug":35,"author":7,"ogImage":36,"isBlog":4,"createDate":37,"updateDate":38,"description":39},"a262f5ad066f49f7b8214176ae282a63","圖庫爾蒂-尼努爾塔一世","tukulti-ninurta-i","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770282869066_720_1765000072741_Tukulti-Ninurta-I.jpg","2026-03-06T10:19:33","2026-03-06T10:24:46","圖庫爾蒂 - 尼努爾塔一世將中亞述推向鼎盛,征服巴比倫、重創赫梯,卻死於宮廷內亂,亞述隨即陷入沉寂。\n",{"id":41,"name":42,"keywords":4,"slug":43,"author":7,"ogImage":44,"isBlog":4,"createDate":45,"updateDate":46,"description":47},"f8195318875b4cab9b0f6a98faf82d0f","中亞述的第一次擴張","middle-assyrian-empire-first-period-of-expansion-and-consolidation","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278703537_720_1764946989741_Arranging_the_boundary_between_Assyria_and_Babylon.jpg","2026-03-05T22:05:04","2026-03-05T22:05:44","中亞述在阿達德尼拉里一世與薩爾瑪那薩爾一世時期完成第一次大擴張,滅亡米坦尼、壓製巴比倫與赫梯,確立地區強權地位。",{"id":49,"name":50,"keywords":4,"slug":51,"author":7,"ogImage":52,"isBlog":4,"createDate":53,"updateDate":54,"description":55},"389f738e7db449048c19be10058c85a6","中國夏朝的建立","establishment-of-xia-dynasty","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277871973_720_000168_1710133309766.jpg","2026-03-05T13:55:23","2026-03-05T13:55:59","夏朝是中國史書中第一個朝代,約公元前 2070 年由大禹建立,啟繼位後世襲制取代禪讓製,二里頭遺址被認為是夏代中晚期都城。",{"id":57,"name":58,"keywords":4,"slug":59,"author":7,"ogImage":60,"isBlog":4,"createDate":61,"updateDate":62,"description":63},"989e5e086ff047f6af30c2c3725857b2","考狄昂峽谷之辱","roman-humiliation-at-caudine-forks","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770291557096_720_1770005924895_Caudine-Forks.jpg","2026-03-08T15:56:57","2026-03-08T15:58:52","公元前321年,羅馬軍團在考狄昂峽谷被迫鑽過薩莫奈人的「軛門」。 這場奇恥大辱沒有擊垮羅馬,反而催生了阿皮亞大道與中隊陣改革。 深入探索羅馬如何從失敗中學習,並最終贏得第二次薩莫奈戰爭。",{"id":65,"name":66,"keywords":4,"slug":67,"author":7,"ogImage":68,"isBlog":4,"createDate":69,"updateDate":70,"description":71},"c5735a41d07e4ccfa8cdff51907f94b4","《李錫尼法》","lex-licinia-sextia","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770291300714_720_1769590535729_Twelve-Tables.jpg","2026-03-08T15:15:44","2026-03-08T15:16:15","《李錫尼法》(Lex Licinia Sextia)是羅馬共和史的里程碑。 本文解讀該法如何通過限制土地兼併、減免債務及強制設立平民執政官,終結了貴族對權力的絕對壟斷,確立了權力制衡的共和基石。",{"id":73,"name":74,"keywords":4,"slug":75,"author":7,"ogImage":76,"isBlog":4,"createDate":77,"updateDate":78,"description":79},"4cd7766ae5ee468ea48aa3adba7941a9","羅馬共和國的建立","the-establishment-of-the-roman-republic","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770291076578_720_1769589582052_Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.jpg","2026-03-07T23:45:04","2026-03-07T23:45:24","公元前509年,羅馬告別王政開啟共和。 深度解析波利比烏斯的「混合政體」理論與蒙森的「同僚性、年度性」制衡邏輯。 了解羅馬公民如何通過權力設計,防止專制君主的再次誕生。",{"id":81,"name":82,"keywords":4,"slug":83,"author":7,"ogImage":84,"isBlog":4,"createDate":85,"updateDate":86,"description":87},"118dd65be46847a6a11b5fe6745beec8","溫泉關戰役","battle-of-thermopylae","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773992089939_leonidas-i720.jpg","2026-03-20T19:07:00","2026-03-20T19:07:58","公元前480年溫泉關戰役爆發,列奧尼達率數千希臘聯軍死守隘口,以少抗多遲滯波斯大軍,為希臘聯軍翻盤贏得關鍵時間,鑄就軍事史傳奇。",{"id":89,"name":90,"keywords":4,"slug":91,"author":7,"ogImage":92,"isBlog":4,"createDate":93,"updateDate":94,"description":95},"1ff11f790154484882c2330ce9ee4dc8","地米斯托克利締造雅典海軍","themistocles","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773996650171_493BC.jpg","2026-03-20T16:49:16","2026-03-20T16:49:31","地米斯托克利以勞里昂銀礦收益打造雅典艦隊,修建港口與防禦工事,奠定雅典海上霸權根基,晚年卻遭陶片放逐、客死波斯。",{"id":97,"name":98,"keywords":4,"slug":99,"author":7,"ogImage":100,"isBlog":4,"createDate":101,"updateDate":102,"description":103},"8491c1ef3dc54813ba4607d84e439959","第一次布匿戰爭結束","the-end-of-the-first-punic-war","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773821870368_The_Oath_of_Hannibal2.jpg","2026-03-18T19:25:31","2026-03-18T19:27:11","公元前 241 年埃加迪海戰大敗迦太基後,羅馬通過《卡圖盧斯和約》結束 23 年第一次布匿戰爭,掌控西西里並成為西地中海霸主。",{"id":105,"name":106,"keywords":4,"slug":107,"author":7,"ogImage":108,"isBlog":4,"createDate":109,"updateDate":110,"description":111},"433c14dafc584a86b8e5819dbf62deec","希梅拉戰役","battle-of-himera","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773889155192_Ancient-Carthage.jpg","2026-03-19T14:08:14","2026-03-19T14:08:29","公元前 480 年希梅拉戰役爆發,敘拉古僭主蓋隆率希臘聯軍擊敗迦太基大軍,終結迦太基西進西西里計劃,成為西地中海希臘文明的關鍵勝利。",{"id":113,"name":114,"keywords":4,"slug":115,"author":7,"ogImage":116,"isBlog":4,"createDate":117,"updateDate":118,"description":119},"ff04bebabfe340d2816979640f79735a","西西里消耗戰","first-punic-war-sicilian-confrontation","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773836795285_1773641026266_Altar-of-Domitius-Ahenobarbus2.jpg","2026-03-18T19:05:38","2026-03-19T13:50:42","第一次布匿戰爭進入西西里消耗戰,羅馬攻占巴勒莫,卻在德雷帕納海戰慘敗;哈米爾卡・巴卡以游擊戰術堅守迦太基西部要塞,戰爭陷入長期僵持。",{"id":121,"name":122,"keywords":4,"slug":123,"author":7,"ogImage":124,"isBlog":4,"createDate":125,"updateDate":126,"description":127},"34dd3ef76ca940138120fc08db55098c","阿拉利亞海戰","battle-of-alalia","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773889166419_battle-of-alalia3.png","2026-03-19T13:41:45","2026-03-19T13:44:59","公元前 540 至前 535 年，阿拉利亞海戰爆發，希臘福西亞人對陣迦太基與伊特魯里亞聯軍。這場海戰徹底重塑了西地中海的勢力格局，終結了希臘向西方殖民的進程。",{"id":129,"name":130,"keywords":4,"slug":131,"author":7,"ogImage":132,"isBlog":4,"createDate":133,"updateDate":134,"description":135},"c9c2069607dc4ddb81df7f159c2477cc","迦太基帝國","the-rise-of-the-carthaginian-empire","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773889543432_Carthage32.jpg","2026-03-19T13:18:18","2026-03-19T13:18:37","迦太基是腓尼基人在北非建立的殖民帝國,憑藉海軍與貿易稱霸西地中海,歷經馬爾丘斯、馬戈一世擴張,成為羅馬崛起前的地中海強權。",{"id":137,"name":138,"keywords":4,"slug":139,"author":7,"ogImage":140,"isBlog":4,"createDate":141,"updateDate":142,"description":143},"aba73b3472c5466a9947cc249556571b","強權之下的腓尼基城邦","phoenician-city-states-vassalized-to-great-powers","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283572590_720_1765465371446_Assyrian_Fragments_of_Bands_from_a_Gate_Walters.jpg","2026-03-07T13:29:46","2026-03-07T13:58:31","腓尼基城邦憑藉商業與航海稱霸東地中海,卻先後淪為亞述、新巴比倫、波斯附庸,最終在亞歷山大攻陷推羅後,結束海洋霸主時代。",{"id":145,"name":146,"keywords":4,"slug":147,"author":7,"ogImage":148,"isBlog":4,"createDate":149,"updateDate":150,"description":151},"4c8d31293f804624bffefd2d1ea19c6f","新埃蘭時期與文明的消亡","neo-elamite-period","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290418284_720_1765426853042_Assyria.jpg","2026-03-08T17:08:50","2026-03-08T17:19:43","公元前1100年至600年,新埃蘭時期見證了兩千年埃蘭文明的終結。 本文詳述亞述帝國的殘酷征服、蘇薩城的毀滅,以及波斯人如何繼承埃蘭遺產並建立阿契美尼德王朝,還原近東霸權更迭的真實史詩。",1777530961767]