[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":151},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article-malta-buret-culture-zh-tw":3},{"id":4,"name":5,"keywords":4,"slug":6,"author":7,"status":4,"defaultLang":4,"ogImage":8,"ogType":9,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"isDeleted":4,"availableLangs":4,"i18nMeta":12,"relatedBlogs":23},null,"马尔塔-布瑞特文化","malta-buret-culture","卜可","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276830881_720_1761535507344_Princess_of_Xiaohe2.jpg","article","2026-03-12T12:59:18","2025-09-27T19:26:00",{"name":13,"h1Title":14,"title":15,"subtitle":4,"keywords":16,"content":17,"overview":4,"description":18,"ogTitle":19,"ogDescription":20,"preface":4,"note":4,"langCode":21,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"priority":22,"author":7},"馬爾塔 - 布瑞特文化","馬爾塔 - 布瑞特文化與古代歐亞北部人","馬爾塔 - 布瑞特文化|古代歐亞北部人、馬爾塔男孩與小河公主","古代歐亞北部人,馬爾塔-布瑞特文化,馬爾塔男孩,史前史","## 馬爾塔-布瑞特文化\n\n馬爾塔 - 布瑞特文化(Mal'ta-Buret' Culture)是舊石器時代晚期分布於西伯利亞的一支史前人類文化,存續年代約為距今 2.4 萬~ 2.3 萬年,文化下限可延續至距今約 1.5 萬年。 該文化的典型遺址位於馬爾塔村(Mal'ta),最早發現於1920 年。**創造這一文化的人群,如今被定義為古代歐亞北部人**(Ancient North Eurasians,ANE)。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.27/1761534791670_Malta–Buret-Culture2.jpg\" alt=\"Malta–Buret-Culture\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%27ta%E2%80%93Buret%27_culture\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mal'ta Site\" lon=\"103.517\" lat=\"52.85\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">馬爾塔遺址\u003C/span>出土文物的影印版。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n  \n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.27/1761535031439_Malta–Buret-Culture52.jpg\" alt=\"Malta–Buret-Culture\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%27ta%E2%80%93Buret%27_culture\" target=\"_blank\">Malta Buret Culture\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mal'ta Site\" lon=\"103.517\" lat=\"52.85\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">馬爾塔遺址\u003C/span>出土了極為豐富的各類手工藝品,其中包括大量人形雕像,僅女性雕像就發現約三十尊。 這些雕像形態多樣:除舊石器時代歐洲常見的豐腴型 「維納斯」 雕像外,遺址還出土不少體態纖細的人像,部分雕像表面刻有短線或折線紋飾,可能用於表現身披的毛皮或衣物。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n  \n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.27/1761535151264_ivory-carving2.jpg\" alt=\"ivory-carving\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%27ta%E2%80%93Buret%27_culture\" target=\"_blank\">Malta Buret Culture\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mal'ta Site\" lon=\"103.517\" lat=\"52.85\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">馬爾塔遺址\u003C/span>出土的猛獁象牙雕刻,形象正是一頭長毛猛獁象。 顯然,這種不久前才滅絕的動物和人類關係密切。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n  \n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.27/1761535254606_mammoth2.jpg\" alt=\"mammoth\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%27ta%E2%80%93Buret%27_culture\" target=\"_blank\">Malta Buret Culture\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">1965 年,一位居住在烏克蘭中部\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mezhyrich Village\" lon=\"31.4317\" lat=\"49.625\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">梅日裡奇村\u003C/span>(Mezhyrich)的農民意外發現了一具猛犸象的下頜骨,隨後,考古工作者發掘出4 座以猛獁骨骼搭建的房屋。 這些總共耗費了 149 根大型猛獁象骨的房屋,其年代可追溯到距今約 1.5 萬年前,被認為是馬爾塔-布瑞特時期的人們建造的臨時避難所。 一同出土的還有刻在骨頭上的地圖、疑似樂器的骨笛 / 鼓、琥珀與貝殼飾品等。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n## 「馬爾塔男孩」和「小河公主」\n\n在\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mal'ta\" lon=\"103.517\" lat=\"52.85\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">馬爾塔村莊\u003C/span>遺址中,最引人注目的發現是一具名為「馬爾塔男孩」(編號 MA-1)的史前人類幼童遺骸,包括一些隨葬品以及周邊發現的大量手工製品和藝術品。 鑑定年代約為距今 2.4 萬年。**馬爾塔男孩的基因組讓他成為定義古代歐亞北部人這個新族群的「模式標本」**。 根據 2013 年發表的分析研究結果,MA-1 的基因組與現今歐洲人和美洲原住民有極強的親緣關係,而跟今天居住在此地的西伯利亞人以及現今東亞人比較疏遠。 具體來講,美洲原住民從古代歐亞北部人身上繼承了約 1/3 的血統,而剩下的則是從古代東亞人那裡得來的。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.27/1763122173942_MA-1.png\" alt=\"马尔塔男孩\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源: \u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasian\" target=\"_blank\">Ancient North Eurasian\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">馬爾塔男孩(MA-1)的墓葬及其部分隨葬品。 根據考古材料,推測其族群居住在半地穴式的房屋中;石器以燧石石片為主,缺乏大型刮削器、礫石石核、楔形石核等類型,其特徵使之成為西伯利亞舊石器時代文化中,特徵非常獨特的一支。 經過全基因組分析相關位點後,推測其人種特徵為:褐色眼睛、深色頭髮與深色皮膚\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n小河公主是在中國新疆省羅布泊\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Xiahe Cemetery Site\" lon=\"86.2625\" lat=\"41.8366\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">小河墓地遺址\u003C/span>出土的女性乾屍,距今約 3800 年,因保存完整,面部呈現神秘微笑而得名。 從面部特徵觀察,小河公主似乎具有明顯的現代歐洲白種人特徵,但實際上,她和創造了馬爾塔-布瑞特文化的古代歐亞北部人之間,具有非常近的血緣關係。\n\n根**據DNA分析,小河公主擁有約 72% 的古代歐亞北部人基因,是這個人群在青銅時代的「最佳代表」**。 顯然,她的祖先人群和 2.4 萬年前的馬爾塔男孩關係密切,但是在更新世至全新世的漫長時期里,她所在的狩獵採集與遊牧族群經歷了一段非常漫長的遺傳瓶頸期,從而形成了相對隔離的遺傳結構。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.27/1761535507344_Princess_of_Xiaohe2.jpg\" alt=\"Princess_of_Xiaohe\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_of_Xiaohe\" target=\"_blank\">Princess of Xiaohe\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">「小河公主」來自新疆\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Ruoqiang County\" lon=\"90\" lat=\"38.3\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">若羌縣\u003C/span>的小河墓地,2003年被發現。 她的年齡被封存在 20~ 40 歲之間,生活在人類的「青銅時代」,距今約 3800 年。 極端乾燥的環境完好地保存了她的遺體,當再次被人發現時,她不僅仍戴著 「入睡」 時的白色氈帽,就連頭髮和睫毛也完整地保存下來,身邊還有最古老的奶酪(隨葬品,可能是為來世準備的食物)。\u003Cu>她留下了永恆的笑容,彷彿才剛剛入睡\u003C/u>。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n古代歐亞北部人所創造的獨特文化早已中斷,他們也早已不再以所謂 「純種」 的形式存在;或者說,假設這個人群仍然生活在今天的話,那麼和所謂 「歐洲人」 或 「東亞人」 一樣,他們也可以被定義為一個獨立的 「世系群」,因為他們在遺傳學上的某些特徵完全不同於其他歐亞人群。\n\n儘管不再以 「純種」 人群的形式延續至今,但古代歐亞北部人的基因仍大量保留在現代各人群中,對美洲原住民、歐洲人、古代中亞人、南亞人及部分東亞人群等,均有重要遺傳貢獻。**全世界超過一半人口的基因組中,都有約 5%~ 40% 不等的比例來自這個古老的人群**。\n\n由此也不難理解,現今的所有人群,無論是東亞人、歐洲人、西非人、南非人,或美洲人等等,其實都是多次大規模融合的結果。 人群的膚色、眼睛、髮色等等,都是在不斷變化的,並且速度超乎想象;**那些認為「人種」的存在、並且是固定不變的想法,其實只是人們短暫生命所造成的認知錯覺**。\n\n人類歷史上從未有過所謂 「單一的」、「純種的」,或 「主流的」 人群,**融合才是貫穿始終的主旋律**。\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n## 參考資料\n\n\n\n《人类起源的故事 : 我们是谁，我们从哪里来》 大卫·赖克；叶凯雄 胡正飞[译]；浙江人民出版社 2019-06\n\n《人类六万年：基因中的人类历史》张振 李辉；文化发展出版社 2019-09\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasian\" target=\"_blank\">Ancient North Eurasian\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427291/\" target=\"_blank\">The Siberian Paleolithic site of Mal'ta: a unique source for the study of childhood archaeology\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%27ta%E2%80%93Buret%27_culture)\n[Mal'ta-Buret' Culture (Upper Palaeolithic\" target=\"_blank\">Mal'ta–Buret' culture \u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/CulturesMaltaBuret.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Mal'ta-Buret' Culture (Upper Palaeolithic) (Central Asia & Siberia)\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_of_Xiaohe\" target=\"_blank\">Princess of Xiaohe\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n---\n","什麼是馬爾塔 - 布瑞特文化? 古代歐亞北部人(ANE)是誰? 本文講解這支 2.4 萬年前的西伯利亞文化、基因貢獻及與小河公主的關係。","2.4萬年前的馬爾塔 - 布瑞特文化:改變世界一半人口的神秘古人群","2.4 萬年前的西伯利亞古人,竟是歐洲人、美洲原住民、中亞古人的共同祖先之一。 一文看懂古代歐亞北部人。","zh-tw",0.8,[24,32,40,47,55,63,71,79,87,95,103,111,119,127,135,143],{"id":25,"name":26,"keywords":4,"slug":27,"author":7,"ogImage":28,"isBlog":4,"createDate":29,"updateDate":30,"description":31},"15e0df576bbc43d88d2498755e8f8c87","舊石器時代晚期革命","upper-paleolithic-revolution","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276687125_720_1760335975390_Palm2.jpg","2026-02-25T20:16:28","2026-03-12T12:56:09","在距今大約5萬年前,我們的種族經歷了一件非常特別的事:就好像希臘神話中的雅典娜為人類注入了靈魂,人類突然具備了史無前例的具象藝術創造力。 這件被稱為「舊石器時代晚期革命」的事件堪稱人類演化史上的一大分水嶺。",{"id":33,"name":34,"keywords":4,"slug":35,"author":7,"ogImage":36,"isBlog":4,"createDate":37,"updateDate":38,"description":39},"a6ba6edf177e46d1a6a29093808c3d50","美洲出現金屬製品","earliest-metal-artifacts-in-peru-appeared","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277962517_720_1764053945703_Jiska2002.jpg","2026-03-05T14:18:42","2026-03-05T14:19:01","公元前 2000 年左右秘魯出現美洲最早金屬製品,以金、銅飾品為主,jiskairumoko 遺址金項鍊為關鍵證據,同時瑪雅進入前古典期早期。",{"id":41,"name":42,"keywords":4,"slug":43,"author":7,"ogImage":44,"isBlog":4,"createDate":45,"updateDate":45,"description":46},"4c5c07a38ee646688b1917110cb09598","城頭山,中國最早的城市","earliest-citie-in-china","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277030867_720_000124_1711414904136.jpg","2026-02-28T01:05:15","城頭山古城距今約 6300 年,是中國已知最早的城市,屬於大溪文化。 本文介紹其年代、城垣、稻作農業、房屋與墓葬等考古發現。",{"id":48,"name":49,"keywords":4,"slug":50,"author":7,"ogImage":51,"isBlog":4,"createDate":52,"updateDate":53,"description":54},"6964d3585c484e9992c13df47ab89f63","最早的銅礦砂實驗","earliest-metallurgical-experiments","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277004934_720_1762739010884_Diyarbakır32.jpg","2026-02-28T00:54:10","2026-03-04T22:24:05","人類最早的冶金實驗始於何時? 孔雀石、火與陶器技術如何催生冶銅術? 本文介紹從銅礦砂到青銅時代的技術革命。\n",{"id":56,"name":57,"keywords":4,"slug":58,"author":7,"ogImage":59,"isBlog":4,"createDate":60,"updateDate":61,"description":62},"ab79c75d543241bab8ca314d00c981c0","耶利哥，人類第一座帶城牆的城。","jericho-first-city-with-wall","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276977877_720_1762316667873_Jericho52.jpg","2026-02-28T00:34:18","2026-02-28T15:02:04","耶利哥是世界最早的城牆城市,距今超萬年。 本文系統介紹塔爾蘇丹遺址、前陶新石器文化、石塔、城牆與聖經故事的考古真相。",{"id":64,"name":65,"keywords":4,"slug":66,"author":7,"ogImage":67,"isBlog":4,"createDate":68,"updateDate":69,"description":70},"634c89277e8b44548fdd77457621def0","哥貝克力石陣","gobekli-tepe","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276927213_720_1761552687193_Bobekli_Tepe62.jpg","2026-02-27T21:36:34","2026-03-04T22:22:20","哥貝克力石陣是什麼? 年代、結構、雕刻、建造者與意義。 本文介紹這座比金字塔更早、顛覆人類史前史的最古老大型宗教遺址。",{"id":72,"name":73,"keywords":4,"slug":74,"author":7,"ogImage":75,"isBlog":4,"createDate":76,"updateDate":77,"description":78},"4f7f68664ec94053856b5cb629a4be94","狗的馴化","domestication-of-dogs","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276806239_720_1761533583097_Domestication_of_the_dog52.jpg","2026-02-27T19:32:40","2026-03-04T22:16:04","狗是人類馴化的第一種動物,從灰狼到家犬經歷了怎樣的過程? 起源於何時何地? 本文系統講解狗的馴化史、考古證據與遺傳學真相。",{"id":80,"name":81,"keywords":4,"slug":82,"author":7,"ogImage":83,"isBlog":4,"createDate":84,"updateDate":85,"description":86},"56d7cb86a53c4401aeeff2c9fd93f6b5","格拉維特文化","gravettian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276753186_720_1762675867705_Venus_of_Brassempouy.jpg","2026-02-27T13:38:00","2026-03-04T22:21:44","格拉維特文化是什麼? 年代、工具、維納斯雕像、鬆吉爾墓葬、多爾尼・維斯托尼采遺址,一文看懂歐洲史前輝煌文化。\n",{"id":88,"name":89,"keywords":4,"slug":90,"author":7,"ogImage":91,"isBlog":4,"createDate":92,"updateDate":93,"description":94},"37fb4d2375284b3a9b4176a9419a9ced","奧瑞納文化","aurignacian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276727955_720_1760411643106_rhinos-chauvet-cave.jpg","2026-02-27T11:05:21","2026-03-04T22:19:12","什麼是奧瑞納文化? 年代、分布、工具、壁畫與雕塑(肖維岩洞、獅子人、霍赫勒・費爾斯維納斯)一文看懂。",{"id":96,"name":97,"keywords":4,"slug":98,"author":7,"ogImage":99,"isBlog":4,"createDate":100,"updateDate":101,"description":102},"f04ff6cc20b3488dacfcbe9207617d3a","非洲以外最早的現代人","earliest-modern-humans-outside-africa","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276488308_720_1760335068948_Misliya.jpg","2026-02-26T23:51:31","2026-03-04T22:28:05","非洲以外最早的現代人化石在哪裡、距今多少年? 本文介紹卡夫澤、米斯利亞等關鍵遺址,梳理現代人走出非洲的真實時間線。\n",{"id":104,"name":105,"keywords":4,"slug":106,"author":7,"ogImage":107,"isBlog":4,"createDate":108,"updateDate":109,"description":110},"4cd7766ae5ee468ea48aa3adba7941a9","羅馬共和國的建立","the-establishment-of-the-roman-republic","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770291076578_720_1769589582052_Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.jpg","2026-03-07T23:45:04","2026-03-07T23:45:24","公元前509年,羅馬告別王政開啟共和。 深度解析波利比烏斯的「混合政體」理論與蒙森的「同僚性、年度性」制衡邏輯。 了解羅馬公民如何通過權力設計,防止專制君主的再次誕生。",{"id":112,"name":113,"keywords":4,"slug":114,"author":7,"ogImage":115,"isBlog":4,"createDate":116,"updateDate":117,"description":118},"118dd65be46847a6a11b5fe6745beec8","溫泉關戰役","battle-of-thermopylae","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773992089939_leonidas-i720.jpg","2026-03-20T19:07:00","2026-03-20T19:07:58","公元前480年溫泉關戰役爆發,列奧尼達率數千希臘聯軍死守隘口,以少抗多遲滯波斯大軍,為希臘聯軍翻盤贏得關鍵時間,鑄就軍事史傳奇。",{"id":120,"name":121,"keywords":4,"slug":122,"author":7,"ogImage":123,"isBlog":4,"createDate":124,"updateDate":125,"description":126},"1ff11f790154484882c2330ce9ee4dc8","地米斯托克利締造雅典海軍","themistocles","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773996650171_493BC.jpg","2026-03-20T16:49:16","2026-03-20T16:49:31","地米斯托克利以勞里昂銀礦收益打造雅典艦隊,修建港口與防禦工事,奠定雅典海上霸權根基,晚年卻遭陶片放逐、客死波斯。",{"id":128,"name":129,"keywords":4,"slug":130,"author":7,"ogImage":131,"isBlog":4,"createDate":132,"updateDate":133,"description":134},"8491c1ef3dc54813ba4607d84e439959","第一次布匿戰爭結束","the-end-of-the-first-punic-war","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773821870368_The_Oath_of_Hannibal2.jpg","2026-03-18T19:25:31","2026-03-18T19:27:11","公元前 241 年埃加迪海戰大敗迦太基後,羅馬通過《卡圖盧斯和約》結束 23 年第一次布匿戰爭,掌控西西里並成為西地中海霸主。",{"id":136,"name":137,"keywords":4,"slug":138,"author":7,"ogImage":139,"isBlog":4,"createDate":140,"updateDate":141,"description":142},"433c14dafc584a86b8e5819dbf62deec","希梅拉戰役","battle-of-himera","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773889155192_Ancient-Carthage.jpg","2026-03-19T14:08:14","2026-03-19T14:08:29","公元前 480 年希梅拉戰役爆發,敘拉古僭主蓋隆率希臘聯軍擊敗迦太基大軍,終結迦太基西進西西里計劃,成為西地中海希臘文明的關鍵勝利。",{"id":144,"name":145,"keywords":4,"slug":146,"author":7,"ogImage":147,"isBlog":4,"createDate":148,"updateDate":149,"description":150},"ff04bebabfe340d2816979640f79735a","西西里消耗戰","first-punic-war-sicilian-confrontation","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773836795285_1773641026266_Altar-of-Domitius-Ahenobarbus2.jpg","2026-03-18T19:05:38","2026-03-19T13:50:42","第一次布匿戰爭進入西西里消耗戰,羅馬攻占巴勒莫,卻在德雷帕納海戰慘敗;哈米爾卡・巴卡以游擊戰術堅守迦太基西部要塞,戰爭陷入長期僵持。",1774515942463]