[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":152},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article-establishment-of-shang-dynasty-zh-tw":3},{"id":4,"name":5,"keywords":4,"slug":6,"author":7,"status":4,"defaultLang":4,"ogImage":8,"ogType":9,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"isDeleted":4,"availableLangs":4,"i18nMeta":12,"relatedBlogs":23},null,"中国建立商王朝","establishment-of-shang-dynasty","卜可","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278267777_720_1764147880241_Oracle-bone-script.jpg","article","2026-02-05T15:57:55","2025-09-16T20:58:06",{"name":13,"h1Title":14,"title":15,"subtitle":4,"keywords":16,"content":17,"overview":4,"description":18,"ogTitle":19,"ogDescription":20,"preface":4,"note":4,"langCode":21,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"priority":22,"author":7},"中國建立商王朝","中國建立商王朝:商湯滅夏與青銅文明的崛起","中國商王朝建立|商湯滅夏 甲骨文 青銅時代","商王朝的建立,商湯滅夏,夏商,商朝","## 商湯滅夏\n\n「商湯滅夏」 是中國古代傳說中的一個故事,指的是約公元前 1600 年,商湯帶領著商部落滅掉夏朝,從而建立商朝的歷史事件。 夏朝是中國歷史上第一個被後世文獻記載的朝代,但由於年代久遠,曾經一度缺乏考古證據。 目前學者認為,\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Erlitou Site\" lon=\"112.7\" lat=\"34.69\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">二里頭遺址\u003C/span>是夏朝都城的遺跡。\n\n夏王朝末期,國勢日衰,統治力開始搖搖欲墜。 根據《史記・夏本紀》中的記載,夏朝的第十四位君主孔甲(生卒年不詳)繼位後,不理朝政,整天飲酒打獵,逐漸失去了對地方諸侯的控制。 其中,在夏朝的諸侯方國中,商國的勢力逐漸發展壯大,其農業和畜牧業的發展迅速,社會財富顯著增加,社會性質則由氏族制過渡到奴隸制。 此後,商國不斷向外發展勢力,掠奪更多的奴隸和財物,到了主癸(生卒年不詳)時,已經發展為一個具有國王權力的大諸侯國了。\n\n主癸死後,其子湯繼位為商侯,都城為\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Shangqiu\" lon=\"115.66\" lat=\"34.42\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">商丘\u003C/span>。 而此時,夏朝的王位傳於最後一位君主,即夏桀,一位歷史有名的暴君。 不久後,羽翼豐滿的湯發動了對夏王朝的反叛和征討,桀的軍隊很快便被打敗。 約公元前 1600 年,湯的軍隊佔領了夏朝的首都\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Zhen City\" lon=\"113.03\" lat=\"34.82\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">斟鄩\u003C/span>(二里頭,今河南鞏縣西南),暴君桀遭到流放,中國歷史上的第一個王朝隨之宣告滅亡。 據稱,夏滅亡後,商湯在「三千諸侯」的擁立下繼承大統,一個嶄新的商王朝(約公元前1600年-前1046年)就此建立。 湯建立的朝代也被稱為成湯或成唐,但一般還是被稱為商湯。\n\n主癸死後,其子湯繼位為商侯,都城為\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Shangqiu\" lon=\"115.66\" lat=\"34.42\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">商丘\u003C/span>。 而此時,夏朝的王位傳於最後一位君主,即夏桀,一位歷史上有名的暴君。 不久後,羽翼豐滿的湯發動了對夏王朝的反叛和征討,桀的軍隊很快便被打敗。 約公元前 1600 年,湯的軍隊佔領了夏朝的首都\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Zhen City\" lon=\"113.03\" lat=\"34.82\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">斟鄩\u003C/span>(今河南鞏縣西南),暴君桀遭到流放,中國歷史上的第一個王朝隨之宣告滅亡。 據稱,夏滅亡後,商湯在 「三千諸侯」 的擁立下繼承大統,一個嶄新的商王朝(約公元前 1600 年 - 前 1046 年)就此建立。 湯建立的朝代也被稱為成湯或成唐,但一般還是將湯稱為商湯。\n\n商湯滅夏是王朝更替在中國歷史上不斷上演的一個縮影,但也最早地展示了人民反抗壓迫、追求正義的精神。 儘管這個故事的細節還有一定的疑點,但它在中國歷史文化中占據了重要地位,被後人奉為傳統美德的典範。\n\n商滅夏後,商王朝成為\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"The Yellow River\" lon=\"117.026\" lat=\"36.7539\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">黃河\u003C/span>流域的主要統治者,勢力發展很快。 尤其是前期政治狀況較好,社會也比較穩定,經濟、文化都有很大發展。 商朝出現的甲骨文也標誌著中華文明的正式誕生。 另外,商朝時代,中國的青銅冶煉技術非常先進,出現了一大批流傳後世的青銅器皿。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000187/000187_1718263587318.jpg\" alt=\"殷商时代的甲骨文\" width=\"70%\"/>\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://www.chnmuseum.cn/zp/zpml/kgfjp/202108/t20210802_250929.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">中國國家博物館\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">文字是人類文明的重要標誌之一,而甲骨文則是中國目前所知最早的,並且成體系的文字系統。 這套龜甲名為 「王為般卜」,其保存完整,可以讓我們一睹殷商時期甲骨文的真實面貌。 文字含義可釋讀為:「戊午蔔,古貞:般其有禍? 戊午蔔,古貞:般亡禍?」。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n## 最鼎盛的青銅時代\n\n和夏朝相比,商朝的歷史更為確鑿,其興起也標誌著中原地區逐漸進入到青銅時代的鼎盛期。 不僅統治面積更大,在政治、經濟和文化等方面也有了較大的提升。 在武丁(? -公元前1192年)時期,商王朝的勢力範圍已經觸及到長江流域。\n\n商朝時期還出現了較早期的原始等價物,如貝幣、貝蚌、銅貝等,青銅鑄造技術也大幅提高,開始使用牛馬等牲畜用於耕作或運輸。 在文化上,金文(鐘鼎文,即鐫刻在青銅器上的銘文)逐漸成熟,並在後世逐漸替代了早期的甲骨文,而祭祀活動也增強了人們的凝聚力。\n\n與夏朝相比,商王朝的另一項重大區別是更加依賴血緣的力量。 在征服夏和諸多其他邦國的過程中,商推行了分封制,商王把和自己親緣關係較近的一些兄弟叔伯等分封到各地,從而使商王能夠通過家族更有效地控制數倍於夏朝的區域。 因此,商朝的統治也比夏朝更有力而且更穩定。 需要說明的是,分封制並非西周創舉,商朝已出現早期分封形態,西周在此基礎上進一步完善。\n\n## 參考資料\n\n\n\n《国家宝藏：100件文物讲述中华文明史》；佟洵 王云松；四川人民出版社；2018-11\n\n《中国通史》吕思勉；群言出版社 2016-02\n\n《中国史简读：世界史坐标下的中国》；张宏杰；岳麓书社 2019-08\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n---\n\n","約公元前 1600 年,商湯滅夏建立商王朝,甲骨文誕生、青銅技術鼎盛,分封制初步推行,奠定中華文明發展基礎。","商湯滅夏建商:中華文明青銅時代的開端","從商湯伐桀終結夏朝,到甲骨文、青銅器驚豔后世,商王朝的建立,推動中原文明邁入青銅時代的鼎盛階段。","zh-tw",0.7,[24,32,40,48,56,64,72,80,88,96,104,112,120,128,136,144],{"id":25,"name":26,"keywords":4,"slug":27,"author":7,"ogImage":28,"isBlog":4,"createDate":29,"updateDate":30,"description":31},"8fbab3fbd12e4aa7b2eb07a5d8ff1007","商王朝九世之亂與盤庚遷都","pan-geng-relocation-of-the-capital","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770282502699_720_1764947648708_shang.jpg","2026-03-05T22:11:49","2026-03-05T22:12:21","九世之亂導致商朝內亂衰落,盤庚力排眾議遷都於殷,結束動盪、振興國勢,奠定殷商 200 餘年穩定基業。",{"id":33,"name":34,"keywords":4,"slug":35,"author":7,"ogImage":36,"isBlog":4,"createDate":37,"updateDate":38,"description":39},"c78fcb2ce5454dd3a4f3ef5860764040","商王朝「伊尹輔政」","yi-yin-assisted-in-governance","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278396727_720_000187_1718760190377.jpg","2026-03-05T19:56:48","2026-03-05T19:57:27","商初伊尹輔佐成湯等五代商王五十餘年,既是開國元勳、傑出政治家,也是中華廚祖,為商朝強盛奠定基礎。",{"id":41,"name":42,"keywords":4,"slug":43,"author":7,"ogImage":44,"isBlog":4,"createDate":45,"updateDate":46,"description":47},"01acfc8b3d844b88a7d3ee1ae5dd11e6","西周滅商與周公輔政","western-zhou-dynasty-overthrew-shang-dynasty","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283281482_720_000192_1718782846018.jpg","2026-03-06T13:28:32","2026-03-06T13:29:02","從武王伐紂、牧野之戰到周公攝政、平定三監、營建洛邑、製禮作樂,一文看懂西周開國與華夏早期制度文明成型。",{"id":49,"name":50,"keywords":4,"slug":51,"author":7,"ogImage":52,"isBlog":4,"createDate":53,"updateDate":54,"description":55},"57e1f5e6a5ab4450a016eaf54d9ae0ac","夏王朝之少康中興","loss-of-xia-kingdom-by-taikang-and-revival-under-shaokang","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278056874_720_000182_1718263355114.jpg","2026-03-05T14:33:19","2026-03-05T14:33:37","少康中興是夏朝由衰轉盛的關鍵事件,也是中國歷史上第一個以 「中興」 命名的時代,見證夏朝中斷後重新復國並走向強盛。",{"id":57,"name":58,"keywords":4,"slug":59,"author":7,"ogImage":60,"isBlog":4,"createDate":61,"updateDate":62,"description":63},"389f738e7db449048c19be10058c85a6","中國夏朝的建立","establishment-of-xia-dynasty","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277871973_720_000168_1710133309766.jpg","2026-03-05T13:55:23","2026-03-05T13:55:59","夏朝是中國史書中第一個朝代,約公元前 2070 年由大禹建立,啟繼位後世襲制取代禪讓製,二里頭遺址被認為是夏代中晚期都城。",{"id":65,"name":66,"keywords":4,"slug":67,"author":7,"ogImage":68,"isBlog":4,"createDate":69,"updateDate":70,"description":71},"4cd7766ae5ee468ea48aa3adba7941a9","羅馬共和國的建立","the-establishment-of-the-roman-republic","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770291076578_720_1769589582052_Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.jpg","2026-03-07T23:45:04","2026-03-07T23:45:24","公元前509年,羅馬告別王政開啟共和。 深度解析波利比烏斯的「混合政體」理論與蒙森的「同僚性、年度性」制衡邏輯。 了解羅馬公民如何通過權力設計,防止專制君主的再次誕生。",{"id":73,"name":74,"keywords":4,"slug":75,"author":7,"ogImage":76,"isBlog":4,"createDate":77,"updateDate":78,"description":79},"118dd65be46847a6a11b5fe6745beec8","溫泉關戰役","battle-of-thermopylae","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773992089939_leonidas-i720.jpg","2026-03-20T19:07:00","2026-03-20T19:07:58","公元前480年溫泉關戰役爆發,列奧尼達率數千希臘聯軍死守隘口,以少抗多遲滯波斯大軍,為希臘聯軍翻盤贏得關鍵時間,鑄就軍事史傳奇。",{"id":81,"name":82,"keywords":4,"slug":83,"author":7,"ogImage":84,"isBlog":4,"createDate":85,"updateDate":86,"description":87},"1ff11f790154484882c2330ce9ee4dc8","地米斯托克利締造雅典海軍","themistocles","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773996650171_493BC.jpg","2026-03-20T16:49:16","2026-03-20T16:49:31","地米斯托克利以勞里昂銀礦收益打造雅典艦隊,修建港口與防禦工事,奠定雅典海上霸權根基,晚年卻遭陶片放逐、客死波斯。",{"id":89,"name":90,"keywords":4,"slug":91,"author":7,"ogImage":92,"isBlog":4,"createDate":93,"updateDate":94,"description":95},"8491c1ef3dc54813ba4607d84e439959","第一次布匿戰爭結束","the-end-of-the-first-punic-war","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773821870368_The_Oath_of_Hannibal2.jpg","2026-03-18T19:25:31","2026-03-18T19:27:11","公元前 241 年埃加迪海戰大敗迦太基後,羅馬通過《卡圖盧斯和約》結束 23 年第一次布匿戰爭,掌控西西里並成為西地中海霸主。",{"id":97,"name":98,"keywords":4,"slug":99,"author":7,"ogImage":100,"isBlog":4,"createDate":101,"updateDate":102,"description":103},"433c14dafc584a86b8e5819dbf62deec","希梅拉戰役","battle-of-himera","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773889155192_Ancient-Carthage.jpg","2026-03-19T14:08:14","2026-03-19T14:08:29","公元前 480 年希梅拉戰役爆發,敘拉古僭主蓋隆率希臘聯軍擊敗迦太基大軍,終結迦太基西進西西里計劃,成為西地中海希臘文明的關鍵勝利。",{"id":105,"name":106,"keywords":4,"slug":107,"author":7,"ogImage":108,"isBlog":4,"createDate":109,"updateDate":110,"description":111},"ff04bebabfe340d2816979640f79735a","西西里消耗戰","first-punic-war-sicilian-confrontation","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773836795285_1773641026266_Altar-of-Domitius-Ahenobarbus2.jpg","2026-03-18T19:05:38","2026-03-19T13:50:42","第一次布匿戰爭進入西西里消耗戰,羅馬攻占巴勒莫,卻在德雷帕納海戰慘敗;哈米爾卡・巴卡以游擊戰術堅守迦太基西部要塞,戰爭陷入長期僵持。",{"id":113,"name":114,"keywords":4,"slug":115,"author":7,"ogImage":116,"isBlog":4,"createDate":117,"updateDate":118,"description":119},"34dd3ef76ca940138120fc08db55098c","阿拉利亞海戰","battle-of-alalia","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773889166419_battle-of-alalia3.png","2026-03-19T13:41:45","2026-03-19T13:44:59","公元前 540 至前 535 年，阿拉利亞海戰爆發，希臘福西亞人對陣迦太基與伊特魯里亞聯軍。這場海戰徹底重塑了西地中海的勢力格局，終結了希臘向西方殖民的進程。",{"id":121,"name":122,"keywords":4,"slug":123,"author":7,"ogImage":124,"isBlog":4,"createDate":125,"updateDate":126,"description":127},"c9c2069607dc4ddb81df7f159c2477cc","迦太基帝國","the-rise-of-the-carthaginian-empire","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773889543432_Carthage32.jpg","2026-03-19T13:18:18","2026-03-19T13:18:37","迦太基是腓尼基人在北非建立的殖民帝國,憑藉海軍與貿易稱霸西地中海,歷經馬爾丘斯、馬戈一世擴張,成為羅馬崛起前的地中海強權。",{"id":129,"name":130,"keywords":4,"slug":131,"author":7,"ogImage":132,"isBlog":4,"createDate":133,"updateDate":134,"description":135},"aba73b3472c5466a9947cc249556571b","強權之下的腓尼基城邦","phoenician-city-states-vassalized-to-great-powers","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283572590_720_1765465371446_Assyrian_Fragments_of_Bands_from_a_Gate_Walters.jpg","2026-03-07T13:29:46","2026-03-07T13:58:31","腓尼基城邦憑藉商業與航海稱霸東地中海,卻先後淪為亞述、新巴比倫、波斯附庸,最終在亞歷山大攻陷推羅後,結束海洋霸主時代。",{"id":137,"name":138,"keywords":4,"slug":139,"author":7,"ogImage":140,"isBlog":4,"createDate":141,"updateDate":142,"description":143},"4c8d31293f804624bffefd2d1ea19c6f","新埃蘭時期與文明的消亡","neo-elamite-period","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290418284_720_1765426853042_Assyria.jpg","2026-03-08T17:08:50","2026-03-08T17:19:43","公元前1100年至600年,新埃蘭時期見證了兩千年埃蘭文明的終結。 本文詳述亞述帝國的殘酷征服、蘇薩城的毀滅,以及波斯人如何繼承埃蘭遺產並建立阿契美尼德王朝,還原近東霸權更迭的真實史詩。",{"id":145,"name":146,"keywords":4,"slug":147,"author":7,"ogImage":148,"isBlog":4,"createDate":149,"updateDate":150,"description":151},"00549781383e4e04aaa9fcb7e5247c6e","第一次布匿戰爭","first-punic-war","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773821854423_Battle_of_Mylae1.jpg","2026-03-18T15:54:29","2026-03-18T20:31:52","第一次布匿戰爭(前 264- 前 241 年)是羅馬與迦太基爭奪地中海霸權的首場大戰。 羅馬從無海軍起步,憑藉烏鴉吊橋在米拉海戰大破迦太基艦隊,最終奪取西西里,奠定西地中海霸主地位。",1774515945687]