[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":152},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article-eleventh-dynasty-and-middle-kingdom-period-of-egypt-zh-tw":3},{"id":4,"name":5,"keywords":4,"slug":6,"author":7,"status":4,"defaultLang":4,"ogImage":8,"ogType":9,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"isDeleted":4,"availableLangs":4,"i18nMeta":12,"relatedBlogs":23},null,"埃及第十一王朝与中王国时期","eleventh-dynasty-and-middle-kingdom-period-of-egypt","卜可","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277900827_720_1764044309814_Mesehtisoldiers.jpg","article","2026-02-05T15:51:47","2025-11-04T16:20:24",{"name":13,"h1Title":14,"title":15,"subtitle":4,"keywords":16,"content":17,"overview":4,"description":18,"ogTitle":19,"ogDescription":20,"preface":4,"note":4,"langCode":21,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"priority":22,"author":7},"埃及中王國時期","埃及第十一王朝與中王國時期","古埃及中王國時期|孟圖霍特普二世統一埃及、第十一王朝、涅杰斯階層與中王國崛起","埃及中王國,第十一王朝","## 中王國時期\n\n古埃及中王國時期(The Middle Kingdom of Egypt,約前 2040- 前 1786 年)由第十一王朝(約前 2133- 前 1991 年)後半段與第十二王朝(約前 1991- 前 1786 年)共同構成。\n\n在此之前的第一中間期(約前 2181- 前 2040 年),埃及政局極度混亂,第九、第十、第十一王朝幾乎並立,真正意義上的中央王權不復存在。 在長期爭霸中,逐漸形成南北兩大對立政權:北方的\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Heracleopolis City\" lon=\"30.934\" lat=\"29.0847\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">赫拉克利奧波利斯\u003C/span>(Heracleopolis)與南方的底比斯。 最終,底比斯系的第十一王朝在孟圖霍特普二世(Mentuhotep II,約前 2055- 前 2004 年)的領導下,征服北方第十王朝,重建全國秩序。 這一事件被史學界公認為中王國時期的開端。\n\n作為古埃及歷史上第二個穩定強盛的階段,中王國在時間上涵蓋第十一王朝與第十二王朝。 因第十一王朝前半期仍與第十王朝並立,學界一般以公元前 2040 年作為中王國的正式起點。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.41/1772509048954_Museo_Gregoriano_029b.jpg\" alt=\"Mentuhotep II\" width=\"50%\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentuhotep_II\" target=\"_blank\">Mentuhotep II\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">埃及國王孟圖霍特普二世(Mentuhotep II)的石灰岩頭像,出土於西底比斯神廟柱體,現收藏於\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Rome City\" lon=\"12.5113\" lat=\"41.8919\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">羅馬城\u003C/span>內的\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Vatican\" lon=\"12.4542\" lat=\"41.9021\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">梵蒂岡\u003C/span>博物館。 孟圖霍特普二世是出身底比斯的國王,統治長達近半個世紀,在公元前 2040 年,他重新統一了混亂的埃及,結束了第一中間期,同時也開創了中王國時期。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n## 埃及第十一王朝\n\n繼第十一王朝首位君主孟圖霍特普一世之後,因泰弗一世(Intef I)、因泰弗二世、因泰弗三世與孟圖霍特普二世相繼發動一系列統一戰爭:先征服底比斯周邊諾姆,再揮師北上,最終在孟圖霍特普二世時期取得決定性勝利,吞併第十王朝,埃及重歸一統。\n\n孟圖霍特普二世開啟的時代被稱為中王國時期,包括第十一王朝後半期、第十二王朝、第十三王朝,前後延續約 350 年。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000169/000169_1710154979886.png\" alt=\"第十一王朝的国王们，跨越了第一中间期和中王国时期\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"http://narmer.pl/dyn/11en.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Marmer\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">第十一王朝(約前 2130- 前 1938)諸王:\u003C/p>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">第一中間期君主:孟圖霍特普一世(Mentuhotep I,約前 2130- 前 2117)、因泰弗一世(Intef I,約前 2117- 前 2105,無頭像)、因泰弗二世(Intef II,約前 2105- 前 2057)、因泰弗三世(Intef III,約前 2057- 前 2049,無頭像)。\u003C/p>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">中王國時期君主:孟圖霍特普二世(Mentuhotep II,約前 2055- 前 2004)、孟圖霍特普三世(Mentuhotep III,約前 1999- 前 1987)、孟圖霍特普四世(Mentuhotep IV,約前 1987- 前 1983),以及僅見於\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Nubia Region\" lon=\"33\" lat=\"22.5\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">努比亞地區\u003C/span>岩刻的三位國王:Intef Kakare、Iibkhenetre、Segerseni,均無雕像或畫像留存。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n中王國統一初期,地方割據勢力依然強大。 孟圖霍特普二世通過一系列改革,逐步完成真正意義上的中央集權。 他還對三角洲的\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Libya\" lon=\"17.2692\" lat=\"26.3347\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"3\">利比亞\u003C/span>人、\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Sinai Peninsula\" lon=\"33.8333\" lat=\"29.5\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">西奈半島\u003C/span>的亞洲族群發動征伐,並恢復南方與努比亞的貿易通道。 其繼任者孟圖霍特普三世致力於發展經濟,開展\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Red Sea\" lon=\"38\" lat=\"22\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">紅海\u003C/span>貿易,重視藝術與建築建設。\n\n第十一王朝期間,國王削減諾姆數量,並派遣官員監督諾馬爾赫,有力打擊了地方割據。 這一時期,**官僚體系的重要變化是「涅杰斯(njjs)」 階層的崛起**。 「涅杰斯」 本義為 「小人物」,出身社會下層。 中王國君主大量提拔這類平民出身者,使其在宮廷與行政機構中擔任要職。 由於缺乏家族根基,他們只能依靠效忠王權維持地位,因此成為強化中央集權的中堅力量。 這和中國南朝時期出現的 「寒人掌機要」 異曲同工。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000169/000169_1710156189136.png\" alt=\"孟图霍特普二世塑像\" width=\"70%\"/>\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/544008\" target=\"_blank\">MET\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">重新統一埃及的國王孟圖霍特普二世的雕像。 同類雕像共 22 尊,沿其陵墓通道排列。 國王雙臂交叉於胸前、手握權杖,以粗碩方台為基座埋入土中。 這批雕像曾遭人為破壞,許多頭部被斬斷,棄於附近沙土中。\n\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.41/1772509935284_MentuhotepII-Tempel_Sitzstatuen_im_Vorhof.jpg\" alt=\"孟图霍特普二世\" width=\"70%\"/>\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentuhotep_II\" target=\"_blank\">Mentuhotep II\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">孟圖霍特普二世被破壞遺棄的雕像群。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000169/000169_1710155001466.jpg\" alt=\"孟图霍特普二世的陵寝\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://landioustravel.com/egypt/egyptian-temples/temple-mentuhotep-ii/\" target=\"_blank\">Landioustravel.com\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">孟圖霍特普二世的陵寢位於\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Deir El-Bahari\" lon=\"32.6047\" lat=\"25.7363\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">德爾巴赫里\u003C/span>(Deir El-Bahari),為階梯式神廟建築群,包含大量建築創新,與金字塔時代風格迥異,對後世埃及建築影響深遠。 右上方為神廟復原圖,左下方為國王頭像\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n第十一王朝可能終結於一場宮廷政變。 截至 2023 年,學界普遍將阿蒙尼姆赫特一世(Amenemhat I)視為第十二王朝建立者。 他曾是第十一王朝末期的維西爾(宰相),作為國王近臣,很可能通過篡位登上王位。\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.28/1764044379731_Nubian_Archers.jpg\" alt=\"Nubian 弓箭手\" width=\"80%\">\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt\" target=\"_blank\">Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">現藏於\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Cairo\" lon=\"31.2497\" lat=\"30.0626\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">開羅\u003C/span>博物館的複製品,原件出土於\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Asyut City\" lon=\"31.1837\" lat=\"27.181\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">艾斯尤特\u003C/span>的一座墓葬,刻畫了來自\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Nubia Region\" lon=\"33\" lat=\"22.5\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">努比亞地區\u003C/span>的弓箭手,他們在埃及第十一王朝的軍隊中服役。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n## 參考資料\n\n\n\n《埃及史》王泰 郭子林；商务印书馆 2022-06\n\n《古埃及兴亡史（全三册）》美国国家地理学会编著；董馨阳 杨依 李青芝[译]；现代出版社 2022-01\n\n《埃及7000年》； [埃及] 杰森 · 汤普森；刘梦迪[译]； 浙江人民出版社 2024-01\n\n《世界史的故事》苏珊·怀斯·鲍尔；徐彬[译]；中信出版社 2023-04\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentuhotep_II\" target=\"_blank\">Mentuhotep II\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt\" target=\"_blank\">Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt\" target=\"_blank\">Ancient Egypt\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt\" target=\"_blank\">Middle Kingdom of Egypt\u003C/a>\n \n\u003Cbr>\n\n---\n","中王國是古埃及繼古王國後的第二個黃金時代,孟圖霍特普二世結束第一中間期分裂,第十一、第十二王朝重建中央集權,涅杰斯階層崛起。\n","古埃及中王國時期:從分裂重歸統一,埃及文明的再度輝煌","第一中間期的黑暗過後,底比斯的孟圖霍特普二世重新統一埃及,開啟中王國時代。 中央集權恢復、經濟繁榮、藝術與官僚體系走向成熟。","zh-tw",0.7,[24,32,40,48,56,64,72,80,88,96,104,112,120,128,136,144],{"id":25,"name":26,"keywords":4,"slug":27,"author":7,"ogImage":28,"isBlog":4,"createDate":29,"updateDate":30,"description":31},"389f738e7db449048c19be10058c85a6","中國夏朝的建立","establishment-of-xia-dynasty","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277871973_720_000168_1710133309766.jpg","2026-03-05T13:55:23","2026-03-05T13:55:59","夏朝是中國史書中第一個朝代,約公元前 2070 年由大禹建立,啟繼位後世襲制取代禪讓製,二里頭遺址被認為是夏代中晚期都城。",{"id":33,"name":34,"keywords":4,"slug":35,"author":7,"ogImage":36,"isBlog":4,"createDate":37,"updateDate":38,"description":39},"989e5e086ff047f6af30c2c3725857b2","考狄昂峽谷之辱","roman-humiliation-at-caudine-forks","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770291557096_720_1770005924895_Caudine-Forks.jpg","2026-03-08T15:56:57","2026-03-08T15:58:52","公元前321年,羅馬軍團在考狄昂峽谷被迫鑽過薩莫奈人的「軛門」。 這場奇恥大辱沒有擊垮羅馬,反而催生了阿皮亞大道與中隊陣改革。 深入探索羅馬如何從失敗中學習,並最終贏得第二次薩莫奈戰爭。",{"id":41,"name":42,"keywords":4,"slug":43,"author":7,"ogImage":44,"isBlog":4,"createDate":45,"updateDate":46,"description":47},"c5735a41d07e4ccfa8cdff51907f94b4","《李錫尼法》","lex-licinia-sextia","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770291300714_720_1769590535729_Twelve-Tables.jpg","2026-03-08T15:15:44","2026-03-08T15:16:15","《李錫尼法》(Lex Licinia Sextia)是羅馬共和史的里程碑。 本文解讀該法如何通過限制土地兼併、減免債務及強制設立平民執政官,終結了貴族對權力的絕對壟斷,確立了權力制衡的共和基石。",{"id":49,"name":50,"keywords":4,"slug":51,"author":7,"ogImage":52,"isBlog":4,"createDate":53,"updateDate":54,"description":55},"4cd7766ae5ee468ea48aa3adba7941a9","羅馬共和國的建立","the-establishment-of-the-roman-republic","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770291076578_720_1769589582052_Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.jpg","2026-03-07T23:45:04","2026-03-07T23:45:24","公元前509年,羅馬告別王政開啟共和。 深度解析波利比烏斯的「混合政體」理論與蒙森的「同僚性、年度性」制衡邏輯。 了解羅馬公民如何通過權力設計,防止專制君主的再次誕生。",{"id":57,"name":58,"keywords":4,"slug":59,"author":7,"ogImage":60,"isBlog":4,"createDate":61,"updateDate":62,"description":63},"118dd65be46847a6a11b5fe6745beec8","溫泉關戰役","battle-of-thermopylae","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773992089939_leonidas-i720.jpg","2026-03-20T19:07:00","2026-03-20T19:07:58","公元前480年溫泉關戰役爆發,列奧尼達率數千希臘聯軍死守隘口,以少抗多遲滯波斯大軍,為希臘聯軍翻盤贏得關鍵時間,鑄就軍事史傳奇。",{"id":65,"name":66,"keywords":4,"slug":67,"author":7,"ogImage":68,"isBlog":4,"createDate":69,"updateDate":70,"description":71},"1ff11f790154484882c2330ce9ee4dc8","地米斯托克利締造雅典海軍","themistocles","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773996650171_493BC.jpg","2026-03-20T16:49:16","2026-03-20T16:49:31","地米斯托克利以勞里昂銀礦收益打造雅典艦隊,修建港口與防禦工事,奠定雅典海上霸權根基,晚年卻遭陶片放逐、客死波斯。",{"id":73,"name":74,"keywords":4,"slug":75,"author":7,"ogImage":76,"isBlog":4,"createDate":77,"updateDate":78,"description":79},"8491c1ef3dc54813ba4607d84e439959","第一次布匿戰爭結束","the-end-of-the-first-punic-war","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773821870368_The_Oath_of_Hannibal2.jpg","2026-03-18T19:25:31","2026-03-18T19:27:11","公元前 241 年埃加迪海戰大敗迦太基後,羅馬通過《卡圖盧斯和約》結束 23 年第一次布匿戰爭,掌控西西里並成為西地中海霸主。",{"id":81,"name":82,"keywords":4,"slug":83,"author":7,"ogImage":84,"isBlog":4,"createDate":85,"updateDate":86,"description":87},"433c14dafc584a86b8e5819dbf62deec","希梅拉戰役","battle-of-himera","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773889155192_Ancient-Carthage.jpg","2026-03-19T14:08:14","2026-03-19T14:08:29","公元前 480 年希梅拉戰役爆發,敘拉古僭主蓋隆率希臘聯軍擊敗迦太基大軍,終結迦太基西進西西里計劃,成為西地中海希臘文明的關鍵勝利。",{"id":89,"name":90,"keywords":4,"slug":91,"author":7,"ogImage":92,"isBlog":4,"createDate":93,"updateDate":94,"description":95},"ff04bebabfe340d2816979640f79735a","西西里消耗戰","first-punic-war-sicilian-confrontation","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773836795285_1773641026266_Altar-of-Domitius-Ahenobarbus2.jpg","2026-03-18T19:05:38","2026-03-19T13:50:42","第一次布匿戰爭進入西西里消耗戰,羅馬攻占巴勒莫,卻在德雷帕納海戰慘敗;哈米爾卡・巴卡以游擊戰術堅守迦太基西部要塞,戰爭陷入長期僵持。",{"id":97,"name":98,"keywords":4,"slug":99,"author":7,"ogImage":100,"isBlog":4,"createDate":101,"updateDate":102,"description":103},"34dd3ef76ca940138120fc08db55098c","阿拉利亞海戰","battle-of-alalia","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773889166419_battle-of-alalia3.png","2026-03-19T13:41:45","2026-03-19T13:44:59","公元前 540 至前 535 年，阿拉利亞海戰爆發，希臘福西亞人對陣迦太基與伊特魯里亞聯軍。這場海戰徹底重塑了西地中海的勢力格局，終結了希臘向西方殖民的進程。",{"id":105,"name":106,"keywords":4,"slug":107,"author":7,"ogImage":108,"isBlog":4,"createDate":109,"updateDate":110,"description":111},"c9c2069607dc4ddb81df7f159c2477cc","迦太基帝國","the-rise-of-the-carthaginian-empire","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773889543432_Carthage32.jpg","2026-03-19T13:18:18","2026-03-19T13:18:37","迦太基是腓尼基人在北非建立的殖民帝國,憑藉海軍與貿易稱霸西地中海,歷經馬爾丘斯、馬戈一世擴張,成為羅馬崛起前的地中海強權。",{"id":113,"name":114,"keywords":4,"slug":115,"author":7,"ogImage":116,"isBlog":4,"createDate":117,"updateDate":118,"description":119},"aba73b3472c5466a9947cc249556571b","強權之下的腓尼基城邦","phoenician-city-states-vassalized-to-great-powers","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283572590_720_1765465371446_Assyrian_Fragments_of_Bands_from_a_Gate_Walters.jpg","2026-03-07T13:29:46","2026-03-07T13:58:31","腓尼基城邦憑藉商業與航海稱霸東地中海,卻先後淪為亞述、新巴比倫、波斯附庸,最終在亞歷山大攻陷推羅後,結束海洋霸主時代。",{"id":121,"name":122,"keywords":4,"slug":123,"author":7,"ogImage":124,"isBlog":4,"createDate":125,"updateDate":126,"description":127},"4c8d31293f804624bffefd2d1ea19c6f","新埃蘭時期與文明的消亡","neo-elamite-period","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290418284_720_1765426853042_Assyria.jpg","2026-03-08T17:08:50","2026-03-08T17:19:43","公元前1100年至600年,新埃蘭時期見證了兩千年埃蘭文明的終結。 本文詳述亞述帝國的殘酷征服、蘇薩城的毀滅,以及波斯人如何繼承埃蘭遺產並建立阿契美尼德王朝,還原近東霸權更迭的真實史詩。",{"id":129,"name":130,"keywords":4,"slug":131,"author":7,"ogImage":132,"isBlog":4,"createDate":133,"updateDate":134,"description":135},"00549781383e4e04aaa9fcb7e5247c6e","第一次布匿戰爭","first-punic-war","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773821854423_Battle_of_Mylae1.jpg","2026-03-18T15:54:29","2026-03-18T20:31:52","第一次布匿戰爭(前 264- 前 241 年)是羅馬與迦太基爭奪地中海霸權的首場大戰。 羅馬從無海軍起步,憑藉烏鴉吊橋在米拉海戰大破迦太基艦隊,最終奪取西西里,奠定西地中海霸主地位。",{"id":137,"name":138,"keywords":4,"slug":139,"author":7,"ogImage":140,"isBlog":4,"createDate":141,"updateDate":142,"description":143},"4c6669ee00cb4318a52b69c064c91e7c","蓋隆時代的敘拉古","syracuse-in-the-age-of-gelon","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773835732572_1773816624938_Gelon2.jpg","2026-03-18T20:00:12","2026-03-18T20:00:51","蓋隆於公元前485年成為敘拉古僭主,通過移民集權、希梅拉戰役大勝迦太基,締造敘拉古黃金時代,使其成為西地中海希臘文明核心強權。",{"id":145,"name":146,"keywords":4,"slug":147,"author":7,"ogImage":148,"isBlog":4,"createDate":149,"updateDate":150,"description":151},"87b1ad24e8f848fd8e29a71242111069","敘拉古建城","foundation-of-syracuse","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773822661514_Leto2.png","2026-03-18T19:48:41","2026-03-18T19:50:43","敘拉古於公元前 733 年由科林斯人在西西里島奧爾蒂賈島建城,憑藉天然良港與肥沃土地迅速崛起,成為古希臘最強大的城邦之一。",1777530963304]