[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":152},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article-beginning-of-assyrian-history-zh-tw":3},{"id":4,"name":5,"keywords":4,"slug":6,"author":7,"status":4,"defaultLang":4,"ogImage":8,"ogType":9,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"isDeleted":4,"availableLangs":4,"i18nMeta":12,"relatedBlogs":23},null,"亚述历史的开端","beginning-of-assyrian-history","卜可","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277384938_720_000163_1710143737422.jpg","article","2026-02-05T15:43:13","2025-10-31T15:22:29",{"name":13,"h1Title":14,"title":15,"subtitle":4,"keywords":16,"content":17,"overview":4,"description":18,"ogTitle":19,"ogDescription":20,"preface":4,"note":4,"langCode":21,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"priority":22,"author":7},"亞述歷史的開端","亞述歷史的開端:亞述城起源與早期兩河文明","亞述歷史的開端|古亞述時期、亞述城、早期亞述與兩河文明北部勢力","亞述人,亞述城","## 亞述文明的起源\n\n\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Ashur\" lon=\"43.2625\" lat=\"35.4565\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">亞述城\u003C/span>(Ashur)位於\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Tigris River\" lon=\"39.7703\" lat=\"38.4333\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">底格里斯河\u003C/span>西岸,其早期歷史約始於公元前2600年,公元前21世紀進入「古亞述時期」。 在隨後近兩千年的變遷中,亞述文明幾度沉浮但始終延續,歷經了120位統治者,是諸多兩河文明中,極具傳奇色彩的見證者之一。\n\n兩河流域地區一般被分為南北兩個部分。 南邊因為巴比倫的輝煌歷史,所以被稱為巴比倫或巴比倫尼亞。 「尼亞」來自拉丁語,是個地名相關的後綴,「某某尼亞」相當於漢語的「某某地方」。 北邊則因為亞述文明的影響力極大,所以被稱為亞述。 亞述和巴比倫是兩個平行發展卻又相互交織的文明,和這個地區其他大大小小的文明一起,在隨後上千年的歷史中互相影響、互相征服,共同見證和演繹了兩河流域文明的興衰。\n\n亞述的歷史是一幅延續千年、波瀾壯闊的畫面,他們幾經沉淪又不斷崛起。 和周邊的無數民族一樣,他們興起於\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mesopotamia\" lon=\"43.4837\" lat=\"34.5338\" year=\"-4000\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">美索不達米亞\u003C/span>平原,歷史上曾被周圍的強權所奴役和控制,也不斷面向周圍發動戰爭。 在公元前8世紀時,亞述逐步強大並開創了一個不可一世帝國。 亞述帝國的征服戰爭以殘暴而聞名,所到之處肆意破壞,其首都\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Nineveh\" lon=\"43.1517\" lat=\"36.3557\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">尼尼微城\u003C/span>(Nineveh)一度被稱為「血腥的獅穴」。 亞述在各個方面都為後世留下了深刻的印記,這個文明也非常明顯地塑造了中東和\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mediterranean Sea\" lon=\"18\" lat=\"34\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"3\">地中海\u003C/span>地區的歷史。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.29/1772680068663_Assyrian_king_Ashurbanipal_on_his_horse_thrusting_a_spear_onto_a_lion’s_head._Alabaster_bas-relief_from_Nineveh,_dating_back_to_645-635_BCE_and_is_currently_housed_in_the_British_Museum,_London.jpg\" alt=\"亚述国王狩猎狮子\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_Hunt_of_Ashurbanipal\" target=\"_blank\">Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">這幅浮雕非常生動地展示了亞述的形象。 在古代亞述,獵獅被認為是國王的運動,象徵了統治者能夠保護並為其人民而戰的責任。 浮雕刻畫的狩獵場景充滿張力和表現力,是亞述藝術最傑出的成就之一。 獅子在鬥獸場中被釋放,隨後展開追逐和殺戮。 這部作品現藏於大英博物館,年代約為亞述巴尼拔(Ashurbanipal)王的統治時期,約公元前 668 -前 631 年,距離我們現在所敘述的時代,還要過去了 2 千多年之久,這裡只是為了讓大家了解歷史的厚重,另外加深記憶而已。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n## 亞述人的早期歷史\n\n亞述人(Assyrian)所在的北方地區自然環境優良,氣候四季分明,降水較豐富,大部分地區年降水量達到600毫米,河流密布,形成了不需要人工灌溉的天然農業區。\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mesopotamia\" lon=\"43.4837\" lat=\"34.5338\" year=\"-4000\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">美索不達米亞\u003C/span>地區的早期文化,如\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Hassuna City\" lon=\"43.1\" lat=\"36.1667\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">哈蘇納\u003C/span>文化(Hassuna,約公元前6000-5500年)、\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Tell Halaf Site\" lon=\"40.0397\" lat=\"36.8267\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"8\">哈拉夫\u003C/span>文化(Halaf,約公元前5500-4500年),以及\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Samarra City\" lon=\"43.8712\" lat=\"34.1923\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">薩瑪拉\u003C/span>文化(Samarra,約公元前6000年至5500年)等,都分布於這個區域。 亞述人使用的語言是閃含語系下的閃米特語(塞姆語),外貌大概是長臉鉤鼻、黑頭髮、多鬍鬚,皮膚黝黑。\n\n最早的亞述人應該屬於閃米特人的一支,從公元前 4000 年前後,隨著蘇美爾文明在\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mesopotamia\" lon=\"43.4837\" lat=\"34.5338\" year=\"-4000\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">美索不達米亞\u003C/span>南部的興起,亞述人作為一個衛星民族而受益,從此逐漸開啟了屬於自己的文明,並在大約公元前 3000 年起,開始作為一個獨立的民族而出現。 在《舊約》中也有關於亞述的傳說,聲稱亞述是閃的兒子,而閃不僅是以色列人的祖先,同樣也是亞述最重要的三個城邦之一,即\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Ashur\" lon=\"43.2625\" lat=\"35.4565\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">亞述城\u003C/span>的創始人。 根據這些遠古記載,生活在\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mesopotamia\" lon=\"43.4837\" lat=\"34.5338\" year=\"-4000\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">美索不達米亞\u003C/span>平原南部\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Ur City\" lon=\"46.1054\" lat=\"30.9567\" year=\"-2900\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">烏爾城\u003C/span>附近的以色列人,他們和平原北部的亞述人一起,共享著閃米特人的遺產,並擁有同一個神話性質的祖先名單,即《亞伯拉罕祖先名單》(the List of Abraham's Ancestors)。 但顯然,這些記載都是非常模糊的。\n\n而史學家眼中的亞述歷史,則大約起始於公元前 3 千紀初\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Ashur\" lon=\"43.2625\" lat=\"35.4565\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">亞述城\u003C/span>的建立,那時的亞述應該是一個商貿中心。 早期的亞述地區相對於南方來說,文化比較落後;並且蘇美爾人長期困擾於城邦混戰,無暇北顧,因此南北地區之間的爭端較少。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000159/000159_1719458253085.png\" alt=\"亚述首都发现的陶器\" width=\"80%\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n圖片來源:\u003Ca href=\"https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsMiddEast/MesopotamiaAssyria.htm\" target=\"_blank\">History files\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Nineveh\" lon=\"43.1517\" lat=\"36.3557\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">尼尼微城\u003C/span>發現的陶器,它們屬於一種獨特的文化,歷史可追溯到公元前 2800 年-2400年,這個年代要早於亞述王表中所記述的那些「住在帳篷中的國王們」。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n到了薩爾貢大帝時期,亞述人被迫臣服於阿卡德王國。 在這個階段的亞述地區,曾經出土了眾多阿卡德國王的物品,如銅劍和青銅面罩等等。 阿卡德帝國崩潰後,庫提人的崛起不僅影響了兩河流域南部地區和東方的埃蘭,也嚴重打壓了早期亞述人的空間,讓亞述失去了他們最早定居的城邦\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Arbela\" lon=\"44\" lat=\"36\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">阿比拉城\u003C/span>(Arbela)。 但亞述還是以微弱的力量生存下來,並獲得了短期的獨立。\n\n後來,烏爾第三王朝崛起後,亞述人又被迫臣服於蘇美爾人。 在這個過程中,亞述地區的歷史和文化深受南方的影響,**亞述人採用了蘇美爾人發明的楔形文字,也慢慢開始融合阿卡德人的語言,後來他們的語言被稱為古亞述語,是阿卡德語最重要的一種方言**。 顯然,亞述人也從蘇美爾人那裡學會了用泥板來記錄他們事跡,包括詩歌、對統治者或神靈的讚美、儀式和咒語、欠條和銷售合同、遺囑和收養協議、商務信函和家庭信件、國務信件,食譜和藥方等等,這些寶貴的文獻資料讓我們得以了解早在5千年前便已出現的這個文明,以及和周圍同伴文明間的故事。\n\n從亞述人進入文明時代,到他們先後依附於阿卡德王朝及烏爾第三王朝,這段早期的歷史被稱為 「早期亞述」 時期(約前3000年至前1500年)。 作為當時的一個貿易中心,亞述人為其南部的蘇美爾城市提供來自更北方的商品;雖然亞述不時被周邊勢力所控制,但總體上仍然保持了其獨立的特性。 要到一千多年後,在\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mesopotamia\" lon=\"43.4837\" lat=\"34.5338\" year=\"-4000\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">美索不達米亞\u003C/span>這個你方唱罷我登場的舞台上,亞述才會創建一個盛極一時的帝國。\n\n## 參考資料\n\n\n\n《古代亚述简史》；卡伦·拉德纳；颜海英 常洋铭[译]；外语教学与研究出版社 2021-04\n\n《亚述：世界历史上第一个帝国的兴衰》；[美] 埃卡特·弗拉姆；翟思诺[译]；中信出版社 2024-11\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n---\n\n\n\n","亞述歷史始於公元前 3000 年亞述城建立,早期依附阿卡德王國、烏爾第三王朝,融合蘇美爾文明,以商貿為核心,逐步開啟兩河北部文明之路。","亞述歷史的開端:兩河流域北部文明的起源與早期沉浮","從亞述城的商貿興起,到依附南方強權,早期亞述在融合中延續文明,歷經沉浮,為後續亞述帝國的崛起埋下伏筆。","zh-tw",0.7,[24,32,40,48,56,64,72,80,88,96,104,112,120,128,136,144],{"id":25,"name":26,"keywords":4,"slug":27,"author":7,"ogImage":28,"isBlog":4,"createDate":29,"updateDate":30,"description":31},"389f738e7db449048c19be10058c85a6","中國夏朝的建立","establishment-of-xia-dynasty","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277871973_720_000168_1710133309766.jpg","2026-03-05T13:55:23","2026-03-05T13:55:59","夏朝是中國史書中第一個朝代,約公元前 2070 年由大禹建立,啟繼位後世襲制取代禪讓製,二里頭遺址被認為是夏代中晚期都城。",{"id":33,"name":34,"keywords":4,"slug":35,"author":7,"ogImage":36,"isBlog":4,"createDate":37,"updateDate":38,"description":39},"989e5e086ff047f6af30c2c3725857b2","考狄昂峽谷之辱","roman-humiliation-at-caudine-forks","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770291557096_720_1770005924895_Caudine-Forks.jpg","2026-03-08T15:56:57","2026-03-08T15:58:52","公元前321年,羅馬軍團在考狄昂峽谷被迫鑽過薩莫奈人的「軛門」。 這場奇恥大辱沒有擊垮羅馬,反而催生了阿皮亞大道與中隊陣改革。 深入探索羅馬如何從失敗中學習,並最終贏得第二次薩莫奈戰爭。",{"id":41,"name":42,"keywords":4,"slug":43,"author":7,"ogImage":44,"isBlog":4,"createDate":45,"updateDate":46,"description":47},"c5735a41d07e4ccfa8cdff51907f94b4","《李錫尼法》","lex-licinia-sextia","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770291300714_720_1769590535729_Twelve-Tables.jpg","2026-03-08T15:15:44","2026-03-08T15:16:15","《李錫尼法》(Lex Licinia Sextia)是羅馬共和史的里程碑。 本文解讀該法如何通過限制土地兼併、減免債務及強制設立平民執政官,終結了貴族對權力的絕對壟斷,確立了權力制衡的共和基石。",{"id":49,"name":50,"keywords":4,"slug":51,"author":7,"ogImage":52,"isBlog":4,"createDate":53,"updateDate":54,"description":55},"4cd7766ae5ee468ea48aa3adba7941a9","羅馬共和國的建立","the-establishment-of-the-roman-republic","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770291076578_720_1769589582052_Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.jpg","2026-03-07T23:45:04","2026-03-07T23:45:24","公元前509年,羅馬告別王政開啟共和。 深度解析波利比烏斯的「混合政體」理論與蒙森的「同僚性、年度性」制衡邏輯。 了解羅馬公民如何通過權力設計,防止專制君主的再次誕生。",{"id":57,"name":58,"keywords":4,"slug":59,"author":7,"ogImage":60,"isBlog":4,"createDate":61,"updateDate":62,"description":63},"118dd65be46847a6a11b5fe6745beec8","溫泉關戰役","battle-of-thermopylae","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773992089939_leonidas-i720.jpg","2026-03-20T19:07:00","2026-03-20T19:07:58","公元前480年溫泉關戰役爆發,列奧尼達率數千希臘聯軍死守隘口,以少抗多遲滯波斯大軍,為希臘聯軍翻盤贏得關鍵時間,鑄就軍事史傳奇。",{"id":65,"name":66,"keywords":4,"slug":67,"author":7,"ogImage":68,"isBlog":4,"createDate":69,"updateDate":70,"description":71},"1ff11f790154484882c2330ce9ee4dc8","地米斯托克利締造雅典海軍","themistocles","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773996650171_493BC.jpg","2026-03-20T16:49:16","2026-03-20T16:49:31","地米斯托克利以勞里昂銀礦收益打造雅典艦隊,修建港口與防禦工事,奠定雅典海上霸權根基,晚年卻遭陶片放逐、客死波斯。",{"id":73,"name":74,"keywords":4,"slug":75,"author":7,"ogImage":76,"isBlog":4,"createDate":77,"updateDate":78,"description":79},"8491c1ef3dc54813ba4607d84e439959","第一次布匿戰爭結束","the-end-of-the-first-punic-war","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773821870368_The_Oath_of_Hannibal2.jpg","2026-03-18T19:25:31","2026-03-18T19:27:11","公元前 241 年埃加迪海戰大敗迦太基後,羅馬通過《卡圖盧斯和約》結束 23 年第一次布匿戰爭,掌控西西里並成為西地中海霸主。",{"id":81,"name":82,"keywords":4,"slug":83,"author":7,"ogImage":84,"isBlog":4,"createDate":85,"updateDate":86,"description":87},"433c14dafc584a86b8e5819dbf62deec","希梅拉戰役","battle-of-himera","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773889155192_Ancient-Carthage.jpg","2026-03-19T14:08:14","2026-03-19T14:08:29","公元前 480 年希梅拉戰役爆發,敘拉古僭主蓋隆率希臘聯軍擊敗迦太基大軍,終結迦太基西進西西里計劃,成為西地中海希臘文明的關鍵勝利。",{"id":89,"name":90,"keywords":4,"slug":91,"author":7,"ogImage":92,"isBlog":4,"createDate":93,"updateDate":94,"description":95},"ff04bebabfe340d2816979640f79735a","西西里消耗戰","first-punic-war-sicilian-confrontation","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773836795285_1773641026266_Altar-of-Domitius-Ahenobarbus2.jpg","2026-03-18T19:05:38","2026-03-19T13:50:42","第一次布匿戰爭進入西西里消耗戰,羅馬攻占巴勒莫,卻在德雷帕納海戰慘敗;哈米爾卡・巴卡以游擊戰術堅守迦太基西部要塞,戰爭陷入長期僵持。",{"id":97,"name":98,"keywords":4,"slug":99,"author":7,"ogImage":100,"isBlog":4,"createDate":101,"updateDate":102,"description":103},"34dd3ef76ca940138120fc08db55098c","阿拉利亞海戰","battle-of-alalia","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773889166419_battle-of-alalia3.png","2026-03-19T13:41:45","2026-03-19T13:44:59","公元前 540 至前 535 年，阿拉利亞海戰爆發，希臘福西亞人對陣迦太基與伊特魯里亞聯軍。這場海戰徹底重塑了西地中海的勢力格局，終結了希臘向西方殖民的進程。",{"id":105,"name":106,"keywords":4,"slug":107,"author":7,"ogImage":108,"isBlog":4,"createDate":109,"updateDate":110,"description":111},"c9c2069607dc4ddb81df7f159c2477cc","迦太基帝國","the-rise-of-the-carthaginian-empire","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773889543432_Carthage32.jpg","2026-03-19T13:18:18","2026-03-19T13:18:37","迦太基是腓尼基人在北非建立的殖民帝國,憑藉海軍與貿易稱霸西地中海,歷經馬爾丘斯、馬戈一世擴張,成為羅馬崛起前的地中海強權。",{"id":113,"name":114,"keywords":4,"slug":115,"author":7,"ogImage":116,"isBlog":4,"createDate":117,"updateDate":118,"description":119},"aba73b3472c5466a9947cc249556571b","強權之下的腓尼基城邦","phoenician-city-states-vassalized-to-great-powers","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283572590_720_1765465371446_Assyrian_Fragments_of_Bands_from_a_Gate_Walters.jpg","2026-03-07T13:29:46","2026-03-07T13:58:31","腓尼基城邦憑藉商業與航海稱霸東地中海,卻先後淪為亞述、新巴比倫、波斯附庸,最終在亞歷山大攻陷推羅後,結束海洋霸主時代。",{"id":121,"name":122,"keywords":4,"slug":123,"author":7,"ogImage":124,"isBlog":4,"createDate":125,"updateDate":126,"description":127},"4c8d31293f804624bffefd2d1ea19c6f","新埃蘭時期與文明的消亡","neo-elamite-period","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290418284_720_1765426853042_Assyria.jpg","2026-03-08T17:08:50","2026-03-08T17:19:43","公元前1100年至600年,新埃蘭時期見證了兩千年埃蘭文明的終結。 本文詳述亞述帝國的殘酷征服、蘇薩城的毀滅,以及波斯人如何繼承埃蘭遺產並建立阿契美尼德王朝,還原近東霸權更迭的真實史詩。",{"id":129,"name":130,"keywords":4,"slug":131,"author":7,"ogImage":132,"isBlog":4,"createDate":133,"updateDate":134,"description":135},"00549781383e4e04aaa9fcb7e5247c6e","第一次布匿戰爭","first-punic-war","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773821854423_Battle_of_Mylae1.jpg","2026-03-18T15:54:29","2026-03-18T20:31:52","第一次布匿戰爭(前 264- 前 241 年)是羅馬與迦太基爭奪地中海霸權的首場大戰。 羅馬從無海軍起步,憑藉烏鴉吊橋在米拉海戰大破迦太基艦隊,最終奪取西西里,奠定西地中海霸主地位。",{"id":137,"name":138,"keywords":4,"slug":139,"author":7,"ogImage":140,"isBlog":4,"createDate":141,"updateDate":142,"description":143},"4c6669ee00cb4318a52b69c064c91e7c","蓋隆時代的敘拉古","syracuse-in-the-age-of-gelon","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773835732572_1773816624938_Gelon2.jpg","2026-03-18T20:00:12","2026-03-18T20:00:51","蓋隆於公元前485年成為敘拉古僭主,通過移民集權、希梅拉戰役大勝迦太基,締造敘拉古黃金時代,使其成為西地中海希臘文明核心強權。",{"id":145,"name":146,"keywords":4,"slug":147,"author":7,"ogImage":148,"isBlog":4,"createDate":149,"updateDate":150,"description":151},"87b1ad24e8f848fd8e29a71242111069","敘拉古建城","foundation-of-syracuse","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773822661514_Leto2.png","2026-03-18T19:48:41","2026-03-18T19:50:43","敘拉古於公元前 733 年由科林斯人在西西里島奧爾蒂賈島建城,憑藉天然良港與肥沃土地迅速崛起,成為古希臘最強大的城邦之一。",1777530962256]