[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":134},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article-neolithic-agricultural-revolution-en":3},{"id":4,"name":5,"keywords":4,"slug":6,"author":7,"status":4,"defaultLang":4,"ogImage":8,"ogType":9,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"isDeleted":4,"availableLangs":4,"i18nMeta":12,"relatedBlogs":21},null,"近东新石器时代农业革命","neolithic-agricultural-revolution","卜可","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276953052_720_1761571852246_Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture2.jpg","article","2026-02-05T15:36:01","2025-09-10T22:56:12",{"name":13,"h1Title":13,"title":13,"subtitle":4,"keywords":14,"content":15,"overview":4,"description":16,"ogTitle":17,"ogDescription":18,"preface":4,"note":4,"langCode":19,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"priority":20,"author":7},"Near-Eastern Neolithic Agricultural Revolution","TheAgriculturalRevolutionintheNearEastNeolithicAge|TheGreatTurnofHumanCivilizationfromGatheringandHuntingtoSettlementFarming","## The start of the agricultural revolution\n\nAbout 12000 years ago, the earth's environment changed significantly, and the period of the new fairy wood ended. The woolly mammoth, saber-toothed tiger, camel and sloth, puma and other species seemed to suddenly disappear overnight. At the same time, in some scattered corners of the earth, something extraordinary began to happen: * * after millions of years of hunting and gathering life, some people who had followed herds, gathered berries, fished, and migrated with the seasons changed their way of life and began a settled life**. Some late Homo sapiens bent their originally straight waists, put the seeds in the soil, and then began the long wait.\n\nFor the first time in history, human beings are no longer just passively collecting what nature provides, but actively changing the land to meet their own survival needs. Soon, * * once limited needs changed and evolved into endless desires * *. This moment marked the beginning of the agricultural revolution. It is called \"revolution\" because it cannot be overstated, because**it irreversibly changed the trajectory of human history**. Our current world is the result of this change.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.27/1761571755094_Willow-leafed-Fir2.jpg\" alt=\"Willow-leafed-Fir\" width=\"90%\"/>\n\u003Cspan>\nImage source: Baidu Encyclopedia\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">\"Fairy wood\" is the symbol of cold climate plants, the last cold event of the last ice age to cover the world is also named for this flower, because the corresponding strata in the distribution of the remains of the fairy wood. About 12500 years ago, the global average temperature dropped suddenly, and the temperature dropped by about 8 ℃ in just a few decades. This cold event lasted for about a thousand years; then, the temperature suddenly rose again, which was called the new fairy wood event. The cause of the event is uncertain, but it is likely to be related to a comet impact. The dramatic climate change has quietly opened a new page in human history.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\nDuring the long Paleolithic period, human ancestors lived a safari life, relying on gathering wild fruits, roots and hunting animals to survive. They migrate with the seasons and their lives are full of uncertainty. However, as the climate warmed, plants grew more luxuriantly, wild grains such as wheat and barley began to grow in large areas, and animals became more active. In the long-term gathering and hunting, people gradually noticed that some seeds can grow new plants after falling to the ground, and some docile animals can also be kept in captivity. These cognitions have planted the seeds for a profound change and promoted human society from the era of gathering to the era of agriculture and animal husbandry.\n\nAccording to textual research, the earliest changes took place from 9500 BC to 8500 BC, and were located in hilly areas such as southeastern \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Turkey\" lon=\"35.2407\" lat=\"38.9573\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Turkey\u003C/span>, western Iran and eastern \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mediterranean Sea\" lon=\"18\" lat=\"34\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"3\">Mediterranean Sea\u003C/span>. In particular, the \"fertile new moon\" in * * West Asia has always been considered to be the first region to enter the agricultural era * *. In addition to the fertile land of the Crescent, other world regions have also independently opened the road to agriculture.\n\nIn China, people in the Yangtze River Basin domesticated rice, while yellow rice (millet) and millet (millet) were cultivated in the \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"The Yellow River\" lon=\"117.026\" lat=\"36.7539\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Yellow River\u003C/span> Basin, laying the foundation for Eastern agriculture. Millet has also been domesticated in sub-Saharan Africa, sorghum has been domesticated in the steppes of Sudan, and in \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"New Guinea\" lon=\"148.964\" lat=\"-6.26459\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"3\">New Guinea\u003C/span>, people have independently developed an agricultural system based on root crops.\n\nIn the distant New World, the ancestors of Mexico began to cultivate corn, beans and pumpkins; in the Andes of South America, people domesticated potatoes and alpacas; these crops, as well as tomatoes, peppers, sweet potatoes, peanuts, sunflowers, cocoa, etc., not only became the pillars of American civilization, but also had a huge impact on the Old Continent after the Great Navigation Era (Columbus's great discovery in 1492).\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.27/1761571852246_Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture2.jpg\" alt=\"Ancient Egyptian agriculture\" />\n\u003Cspan>\nImage source: \u003Ca href=\"https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture\" target=\"_blank\">Ancient Egyptian Agriculture\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">the toiling farmer in the mural of the tomb. From ancient Egypt, dating from about 1200 BC.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.27/1761571928590_threshing-of-grain-in-egypt2.jpg\" alt=\"threshing-of-grain-in-egypt\" />\n\u003Cspan>\nCredit: GmbH, T. Y. P. G. f. B. (2012, April 26). World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from \u003Ca href=\"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/170/threshing-of-grain-in-egypt/\" target=\"_blank\">World History\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\nThe rise of \u003Cp class=\"description\">agriculture was not an overnight but a slow process that took thousands of years. The agricultural revolution completely changed the way of human life.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\nIn the areas that experienced the agricultural revolution, the social productive forces developed rapidly, and soon left the collectors far behind, and large tracts of farmland and herds replaced the latter. This is true, but don't simply assume that people in agricultural areas are smarter.**The limited number of centres of agricultural origin is fundamentally due to the scarcity of domesticable plants and animals themselves**. In fact, by 3500 BC, the most important domestication boom in human history had ended. Over the past 2,000 years, humans have barely been able to domesticate any plant or animal species worth mentioning.\n\nThe following are some important areas and times of domestication of crops and livestock:\n\n● Around 9000 BC, wheat was domesticated in \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mesopotamia\" lon=\"43.4837\" lat=\"34.5338\" year=\"-4000\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Mesopotamia\u003C/span>\nAround 8500 BC, goats, sheep and cattle were domesticated in \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mesopotamia\" lon=\"43.4837\" lat=\"34.5338\" year=\"-4000\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Mesopotamia\u003C/span>.\n● Pigs were domesticated in China and the Middle East about 8000 BC; peas were domesticated in the Middle East; grapes may have been domesticated around this time\n● Around 7000 BC, sugarcane was domesticated in \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"New Guinea\" lon=\"148.964\" lat=\"-6.26459\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"3\">New Guinea\u003C/span>;\n● Around 6000 BC, Egypt domesticated figs, donkeys, and cats\n● Around 5000 BC, olives were domesticated in the eastern \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mediterranean Sea\" lon=\"18\" lat=\"34\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"3\">Mediterranean\u003C/span> and potatoes were domesticated near the Andes in southern \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Peru\" lon=\"-75.0152\" lat=\"-9.18997\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Peru\u003C/span>.\n● Around 3500 B. C., corn was domesticated in the central highlands of Mexico;\nAround 2500 BC, horses were domesticated in the Eurasian steppe region; sunflowers were domesticated in eastern North America;\n● ......\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.27/1761572147982_Domestication.png\" alt=\"Domestication\" width=\"80%\"/>\n\u003Cspan>\nImage source: \u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication\" target=\"_blank\">wikipedia\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">part of the domestication timeline of domestic animals, with temperature and climate information at the bottom.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n## The most important change in history\n\n**This agricultural revolution ushered in an era, also known as the\" Neolithic revolution \"**. Human beings may still stay in the primitive stage of drinking blood, and there is no essential difference between them and ordinary animals in general. However, after the agricultural revolution, human beings, as a species, suddenly possessed unimaginable abstract power as a whole, and began to truly understand and master the objective laws of the world.**It can be called a qualitative change\" from animal to god \"**.\n\nBut at the beginning, the specific changes are not intense, perhaps just simple sowing and care. But over time, this conscious mode of production gradually replaced pure gathering and hunting. It has been found that a more stable and abundant food source can be obtained by farming than by gathering. As a result, people no longer need to migrate frequently, but choose to settle in areas with fertile land and abundant water. The earliest villages appeared in the river valleys and plains. As the beginning of the transformation, human beings began to settle down and the population soared.\n\n* * And the significance of this revolution, in fact, does not lie in affecting people's food. For human beings at the abstract level, agriculture does not solve the problem of hunger, but only magnifies the cycle of famine and the consequences of disaster. For specific human individuals, the so-called revolution may not be all good: at least people's food sources have become single, leading to universal nutritional deficiencies. Studies of early agricultural sites have shown that the growth of bones in farming populations is stunted, signs of tooth decay and disease are more obvious, and crowded settlements have brought plagues that have not been seen before.\n\nIn addition to bringing disease and vulnerability to human communities, agriculture has also brought**serious inequalities**.With the development of agriculture, food began to be surplus, allowing some people to free themselves from heavy food production and engage in pottery making, weaving, construction, sacrifice or management.**The social division of labor has resulted and the social structure has become increasingly complex**. Settlements became villages, and then evolved into larger settlements, until the early city-states were born; with the emergence and concentration of private property, like Pandora's box was opened, and abstract concepts such as wealth and power began to operate coldly, giving birth to concrete chiefs, priests and aristocrats. Later, in order to record the harvest, register property, or remote transactions, the text system came into being.\n\nThe cornerstone of human \"civilization\" was quietly laid beside crops and livestock, and finally formed a system of state, empire and civilization, with the scope of influence and the speed of spread extremely rapidly. As a result, * * the agricultural revolution made \"kingship fall from heaven\", not only making people bend down to take care of delicate crops, but also forcing people to bend their knees and kiss the loess under the scepter * *.\n\nWe borrow from Yuval Harari's A Brief History of Mankind: From Animals to God: Since then, people have also been domesticated by wheat and manipulated by abstract power.\n\nThe agricultural revolution opened this road, which is also dotted with all human emotions, full of blood and killing, but also full of hope and courage, and still so. But * * no matter what the beginning and end are, mankind has long been unable to turn back * *.\n\n## References\n\n\n\n《人类简史：从动物到上帝》；[以色列]尤瓦尔·赫拉利；林俊宏[译]；中信出版社 2014-11\n\n《走出黑暗-人类史前史探秘》克里斯·戈斯登；陈炳辉 陈星灿[译]；外语教学与研究出版社 2015-08\n\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n---\n\n","What is the agricultural revolution in the near east? The New Fairy Wood Event, the fertile land of the Crescent Moon, the domestication of animals and plants, the social division of labor and the origin of civilization. This paper systematically explains the Neolithic Revolution that changed human history.","Agricultural Revolution in the Near East: 12000 years ago, mankind's turning point from wandering to civilization was the most far-reaching change in human history, not even one of them.","The initial change took place 10,000 years ago in the fertile new moon. The climate change stopped mankind and planted the first seed. From then on, villages, cities, kingship and writing were born, completely rewriting the fate of mankind.","en",0.7,[22,29,36,43,50,57,64,71,78,85,92,99,106,113,120,127],{"id":23,"name":24,"keywords":4,"slug":25,"author":7,"ogImage":26,"isBlog":4,"createDate":27,"updateDate":27,"description":28},"389f738e7db449048c19be10058c85a6","The establishment of the Xia Dynasty in China","establishment-of-xia-dynasty","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277871973_720_000168_1710133309766.jpg","2026-03-05T13:55:34","The Xia Dynasty is the first dynasty in Chinese history. It was established by Dayu in about 2070 BC. The post-succession hereditary system replaced the Zen system. The Erlitou site is considered to be the capital of the middle and late Xia Dynasty.",{"id":30,"name":31,"keywords":4,"slug":32,"author":7,"ogImage":33,"isBlog":4,"createDate":34,"updateDate":34,"description":35},"989e5e086ff047f6af30c2c3725857b2","The Disgrace of the Cordion Gorge","roman-humiliation-at-caudine-forks","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770291557096_720_1770005924895_Caudine-Forks.jpg","2026-03-08T15:57:17","In 321 BC, the Roman legions were forced to drill through the \"yoke gate\" of the Samonaes in the Canyon of Kaudeon \". This great humiliation did not bring down Rome, but gave birth to the reform of the Apia Avenue and the Squadron. In-depth exploration of how Rome learned from defeat and ultimately won the Second Samonet War.",{"id":37,"name":38,"keywords":4,"slug":39,"author":7,"ogImage":40,"isBlog":4,"createDate":41,"updateDate":41,"description":42},"c5735a41d07e4ccfa8cdff51907f94b4","The Lee Sini Act","lex-licinia-sextia","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770291300714_720_1769590535729_Twelve-Tables.jpg","2026-03-08T15:16:04","The Lex Licinia Sextia was a milestone in the history of the Roman Republic. This article examines how the law, by curbing land consolidation, granting debt relief, and mandating the election of plebeian magistrates, brought an end to the aristocracy’s absolute monopoly on power and established the republican principle of checks and balances.",{"id":44,"name":45,"keywords":4,"slug":46,"author":7,"ogImage":47,"isBlog":4,"createDate":48,"updateDate":48,"description":49},"4cd7766ae5ee468ea48aa3adba7941a9","The establishment of the Roman Republic","the-establishment-of-the-roman-republic","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770291076578_720_1769589582052_Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.jpg","2026-03-07T23:45:15","In 509 BC, Rome bid farewell to the royal government and opened a republic. An in-depth analysis of Polybius's theory of \"mixed polity\" and Monson's \"peer-to-peer, annual\" logic of checks and balances. Learn how Roman citizens, through power design, prevented the re-birth of the despotic monarchy.",{"id":51,"name":52,"keywords":4,"slug":53,"author":7,"ogImage":54,"isBlog":4,"createDate":55,"updateDate":55,"description":56},"118dd65be46847a6a11b5fe6745beec8","The Battle of Thermopylae","battle-of-thermopylae","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773992089939_leonidas-i720.jpg","2026-03-20T19:07:09","In 480 BC, the Battle of Thermopylae erupted. Led by King Leonidas, a force of several thousand Greek allies held the narrow pass against overwhelming odds, delaying the Persian army and buying crucial time for the Greek coalition to regroup and ultimately turn the tide. This epic stand has since become a legendary chapter in military history.",{"id":58,"name":59,"keywords":4,"slug":60,"author":7,"ogImage":61,"isBlog":4,"createDate":62,"updateDate":62,"description":63},"1ff11f790154484882c2330ce9ee4dc8","Themistocles built the Athenian navy.","themistocles","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773996650171_493BC.jpg","2026-03-20T16:49:25","Themistocles used the revenues from the Laurion silver mines to build the Athenian fleet, construct ports and fortifications, and lay the foundations of Athens’ maritime supremacy. Yet in his later years, he was subjected to ostracism and died in exile in Persia.",{"id":65,"name":66,"keywords":4,"slug":67,"author":7,"ogImage":68,"isBlog":4,"createDate":69,"updateDate":69,"description":70},"8491c1ef3dc54813ba4607d84e439959","The First Punic War ended.","the-end-of-the-first-punic-war","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773821870368_The_Oath_of_Hannibal2.jpg","2026-03-18T19:25:41","After the defeat of Carthage in the Battle of Egardi in 241 BC, Rome ended the first Punic War in 23 years through the Peace of Catullus, taking control of Sicily and becoming the overlord of the Western Mediterranean.",{"id":72,"name":73,"keywords":4,"slug":74,"author":7,"ogImage":75,"isBlog":4,"createDate":76,"updateDate":76,"description":77},"433c14dafc584a86b8e5819dbf62deec","Battle of Himera","battle-of-himera","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773889155192_Ancient-Carthage.jpg","2026-03-19T14:08:23","In 480 BC, the Battle of Himera erupted. Gelon, the tyrant of Syracuse, led a coalition of Greek forces to defeat the massive Carthaginian army, thereby thwarting Carthage’s westward expansion into Sicily and marking a pivotal victory for Greek civilization in the western Mediterranean.",{"id":79,"name":80,"keywords":4,"slug":81,"author":7,"ogImage":82,"isBlog":4,"createDate":83,"updateDate":83,"description":84},"ff04bebabfe340d2816979640f79735a","The Sicilian War of Attrition","first-punic-war-sicilian-confrontation","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773836795285_1773641026266_Altar-of-Domitius-Ahenobarbus2.jpg","2026-03-18T19:05:47","The First Punic War entered the Sicilian War of Attrition. Rome captured Palermo, but was defeated in the Battle of Drepana. Hamilka Baca held the western fortress of Carthage with guerrilla tactics, and the war fell into a long stalemate.",{"id":86,"name":87,"keywords":4,"slug":88,"author":7,"ogImage":89,"isBlog":4,"createDate":90,"updateDate":90,"description":91},"34dd3ef76ca940138120fc08db55098c","The Battle of Aralia","battle-of-alalia","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773889166419_battle-of-alalia3.png","2026-03-19T13:41:54","Between 540 and 535 BCE, the Battle of Alalia took place, pitting the Greek colonists of Phocaea against a joint Carthaginian–Etruscan fleet. This naval engagement fundamentally reshaped the balance of power in the western Mediterranean, bringing an end to the Greek westward colonial expansion.",{"id":93,"name":94,"keywords":4,"slug":95,"author":7,"ogImage":96,"isBlog":4,"createDate":97,"updateDate":97,"description":98},"c9c2069607dc4ddb81df7f159c2477cc","Carthage Empire","the-rise-of-the-carthaginian-empire","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773889543432_Carthage32.jpg","2026-03-19T13:18:27","Carthage was a colonial empire founded by the Phoenicians in North Africa. Relying on its naval power and trade, it came to dominate the western Mediterranean. Through the expansions led by Hamilcar Barca and Mago I, Carthage emerged as a major Mediterranean power prior to Rome’s rise.",{"id":100,"name":101,"keywords":4,"slug":102,"author":7,"ogImage":103,"isBlog":4,"createDate":104,"updateDate":104,"description":105},"aba73b3472c5466a9947cc249556571b","Phoenician city-states under power","phoenician-city-states-vassalized-to-great-powers","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283572590_720_1765465371446_Assyrian_Fragments_of_Bands_from_a_Gate_Walters.jpg","2026-03-07T13:29:57","The Phoenician city-state dominated the Eastern Mediterranean by virtue of commerce and navigation, but it was successively reduced to Assyria, Neo-Babylon, and Persian vassals, and finally ended the era of ocean hegemony after Alexander captured Tyrus.",{"id":107,"name":108,"keywords":4,"slug":109,"author":7,"ogImage":110,"isBlog":4,"createDate":111,"updateDate":111,"description":112},"4c8d31293f804624bffefd2d1ea19c6f","The New Elam Period and the Demise of Civilization","neo-elamite-period","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290418284_720_1765426853042_Assyria.jpg","2026-03-08T17:09:12","From 1100 to 600 BC, the New Elam period witnessed the end of the Elam civilization in two thousand years. This article details the brutal conquest of the Assyrian Empire, the destruction of the city of Susa, and how the Persians inherited the heritage of Elam and established the Achaemenid dynasty, restoring the true epic of the change of hegemony in the Near East.",{"id":114,"name":115,"keywords":4,"slug":116,"author":7,"ogImage":117,"isBlog":4,"createDate":118,"updateDate":118,"description":119},"00549781383e4e04aaa9fcb7e5247c6e","The First Punic War","first-punic-war","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773821854423_Battle_of_Mylae1.jpg","2026-03-18T15:54:39","The First Punic War (264–241 BCE) was the first major conflict between Rome and Carthage over dominance in the Mediterranean. Rome began as a land power with no navy. By employing the corvus boarding bridge, it decisively defeated the Carthaginian fleet at the Battle of Mylae, ultimately seizing Sicily and establishing its dominance in the Western Mediterranean.",{"id":121,"name":122,"keywords":4,"slug":123,"author":7,"ogImage":124,"isBlog":4,"createDate":125,"updateDate":125,"description":126},"4c6669ee00cb4318a52b69c064c91e7c","Syracuse in the Age of Gelon","syracuse-in-the-age-of-gelon","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773835732572_1773816624938_Gelon2.jpg","2026-03-18T20:00:21","Gaylon became the tyrant of Syrakus in 485 BC, creating the Golden Age of Syrakus through the centralization of immigration and the victory over Carthage in the Battle of Himera, making it the core power of Greek civilization in the Western Mediterranean.",{"id":128,"name":129,"keywords":4,"slug":130,"author":7,"ogImage":131,"isBlog":4,"createDate":132,"updateDate":132,"description":133},"87b1ad24e8f848fd8e29a71242111069","Ancient Syrakan City","foundation-of-syracuse","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773822661514_Leto2.png","2026-03-18T19:48:50","Syrakus was built on the Sicilian island of Ortija by the Corinsians in 733 BC. With its natural harbor and fertile land, it rose rapidly and became one of the most powerful city-states in ancient Greece.",1777530963585]