[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":136},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article-magdalenian-culture-en":3},{"id":4,"name":5,"keywords":4,"slug":6,"author":7,"status":4,"defaultLang":4,"ogImage":8,"ogType":9,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"isDeleted":4,"availableLangs":4,"i18nMeta":12,"relatedBlogs":23},null,"马格德林文化","magdalenian-culture","卜可","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276903812_720_1761551754920_Bison_Licking_Insect_Bite2.jpg","article","2026-02-05T15:35:10","2025-09-27T20:12:53",{"name":13,"h1Title":14,"title":15,"subtitle":4,"keywords":16,"content":17,"overview":4,"description":18,"ogTitle":19,"ogDescription":20,"preface":4,"note":4,"langCode":21,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"priority":22,"author":7},"Magdalenian culture","Magdrin: Brilliant Prehistoric Culture","Magdalenian Culture | The Pinnacle of the European Upper Paleolithic: The Reindeer Epoch, Cave Art, and the Altamira Paintings","Magdrinculture,reindeerage","## Magdelin Culture\n\nThe Magdrin culture (Magdalenian Culture) is a culture of the late Paleolithic in Europe, dating from 17000 to 12000 years ago, named after the site of the \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Abri de la Madeleine\" lon=\"1.02889\" lat=\"44.9681\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Madeleine rock shed\u003C/span> (Abri de la Madeleine) in Dordogne, France. According to the results of DNA data analysis, most of the people who created the Magdrin culture are related to the Oreina culture and should be closely related to a branch of the latter.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.27/1761551121767_Magdalenian2.jpg\" alt=\"Magdalenian\" />\n\u003Cspan>\nImage source: \u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalenian\" target=\"_blank\">wikipedia\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\nThe location map of late Homo sapiens during the Magdrin culture in \u003Cp class=\"description\">was about 19,000 - 12,000 years ago.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.27/1761551196040_Abri_de_la_Madeleine2.jpg\" alt=\"Abri_de_la_Madeleine\" />\n\u003Cspan>\nSource:<a href = \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine\n\"target=\"_blank\">wikipedia \u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">is located at the site of the \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Abri de la Madeleine\" lon=\"1.02889\" lat=\"44.9681\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Madeleine shed\u003C/span> (Abri de la Madeleine) in Aquitaine, south-western France, and it is a typical site of the Late Paleolithic Magdrin culture.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\nThe geographical range of the Magdrin culture is mainly in Western Europe, with sites found from Portugal to Poland and north to England and Wales. This culture used to be known as the \"reindeer age\" because the Magdrins lived mainly by hunting reindeer, leading a semi-settled life, living in caves or rock sheds in winter and using tents in summer. They have developed horn production technology, especially harpoons, bone needles, spears, etc., but also made a large number of small geometric stone tools, such as exquisite chisels, scrapers and so on.\n\nThe Magdrin culture is also known for its exquisite cave art, including petroglyphs and carvings, leaving a large number of exquisite cave paintings in the French-Cantabrian region, depicting various animals, such as mammoths, reindeer, horses, etc., as well as a large number of skeletons and ivory carvings. Some evidence points to the possible existence of ritual cannibalism and the custom of making cups from skulls.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.27/1761551425897_Magdalenian3.png\" alt=\"Magdalenian\" />\n\u003Cspan>\nSource:<a href = \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalenian\n\"target=\"_blank\">wikipedia \u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">the Magdrins lived in tents for a long time because, as hunter-gatherers, people had to follow the herd and the seasons.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Altamira Cave\" lon=\"-4.1097\" lat=\"43.3762\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">Altamira Cave\u003C/span>\n\n\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Altamira Cave\" lon=\"-4.1097\" lat=\"43.3762\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">Altamira Cave\u003C/span> (Altamira Cave), located in the autonomous region of Cantabria in northern Spain, is one of the most important sites of the Magdrin culture, known for its world-famous fresco art. The murals inside the cave, including large bison, deer and wild horses, were created about 17000 to 15000 years ago, showing the superb artistic talents and meticulous observation of the natural world of mankind at that time. Artists use the natural unevenness of the cave's top walls to increase the three-dimensional impression of animal figures and use natural mineral pigments to create brightly colored paintings. These murals are known as the \"prehistoric Sistine Chapel\" for their superb realism and vivid animal images \".\n\nThe cave was discovered by accident in 1868, but many people do not believe that these paintings were made by prehistoric humans. It was not recognized until 20 years later, marking the first recognition of Paleolithic cave art. In order to protect these precious murals from damage, the cave was closed in 1977 and was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1985. The currently visitable caves belong to replicas.\n\n\n\n《人类起源的故事 : 我们是谁，我们从哪里来》 大卫·赖克；叶凯雄 胡正飞[译]；浙江人民出版社 2019-06\n\n《给智人的极简人类进化史》 [法] 希尔瓦娜·孔戴米 / [法] 弗朗索瓦·萨瓦提埃；李鹏程[译]；海峡书局 2021-07\n\n《智人之路：基因新证重写六十万年人类史》[德]翰内斯·克劳泽 [德]托马斯·特拉佩著；王坤[译]；现代出版社 2021-04\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_France\" target=\"_blank\">Prehistory of France\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalenian\" target=\"_blank\">Magdalenian\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art\" target=\"_blank\">List of Stone Age Art\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n---\n","What is Magdrin culture? Age, distribution, livelihood, tools, art and the caves of Altamira. This paper systematically introduces the most glorious prehistoric culture of the late Paleolithic period in Europe.","Magdrin Culture: Paleolithic Artistic Peak, Prehistoric Sistine Chapel","From 17000 to 12000 years ago, the Magdrin culture, also known as the reindeer era, created world-shaking cave paintings and bone sculptures, reaching the highest peak of prehistoric art.","en",0.7,[24,31,38,45,52,59,66,73,80,87,94,101,108,115,122,129],{"id":25,"name":26,"keywords":4,"slug":27,"author":7,"ogImage":28,"isBlog":4,"createDate":29,"updateDate":29,"description":30},"389f738e7db449048c19be10058c85a6","The establishment of the Xia Dynasty in China","establishment-of-xia-dynasty","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277871973_720_000168_1710133309766.jpg","2026-03-05T13:55:34","The Xia Dynasty is the first dynasty in Chinese history. It was established by Dayu in about 2070 BC. The post-succession hereditary system replaced the Zen system. The Erlitou site is considered to be the capital of the middle and late Xia Dynasty.",{"id":32,"name":33,"keywords":4,"slug":34,"author":7,"ogImage":35,"isBlog":4,"createDate":36,"updateDate":36,"description":37},"989e5e086ff047f6af30c2c3725857b2","The Disgrace of the Cordion Gorge","roman-humiliation-at-caudine-forks","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770291557096_720_1770005924895_Caudine-Forks.jpg","2026-03-08T15:57:17","In 321 BC, the Roman legions were forced to drill through the \"yoke gate\" of the Samonaes in the Canyon of Kaudeon \". This great humiliation did not bring down Rome, but gave birth to the reform of the Apia Avenue and the Squadron. In-depth exploration of how Rome learned from defeat and ultimately won the Second Samonet War.",{"id":39,"name":40,"keywords":4,"slug":41,"author":7,"ogImage":42,"isBlog":4,"createDate":43,"updateDate":43,"description":44},"c5735a41d07e4ccfa8cdff51907f94b4","The Lee Sini Act","lex-licinia-sextia","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770291300714_720_1769590535729_Twelve-Tables.jpg","2026-03-08T15:16:04","The Lex Licinia Sextia was a milestone in the history of the Roman Republic. This article examines how the law, by curbing land consolidation, granting debt relief, and mandating the election of plebeian magistrates, brought an end to the aristocracy’s absolute monopoly on power and established the republican principle of checks and balances.",{"id":46,"name":47,"keywords":4,"slug":48,"author":7,"ogImage":49,"isBlog":4,"createDate":50,"updateDate":50,"description":51},"4cd7766ae5ee468ea48aa3adba7941a9","The establishment of the Roman Republic","the-establishment-of-the-roman-republic","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770291076578_720_1769589582052_Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.jpg","2026-03-07T23:45:15","In 509 BC, Rome bid farewell to the royal government and opened a republic. An in-depth analysis of Polybius's theory of \"mixed polity\" and Monson's \"peer-to-peer, annual\" logic of checks and balances. Learn how Roman citizens, through power design, prevented the re-birth of the despotic monarchy.",{"id":53,"name":54,"keywords":4,"slug":55,"author":7,"ogImage":56,"isBlog":4,"createDate":57,"updateDate":57,"description":58},"118dd65be46847a6a11b5fe6745beec8","The Battle of Thermopylae","battle-of-thermopylae","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773992089939_leonidas-i720.jpg","2026-03-20T19:07:09","In 480 BC, the Battle of Thermopylae erupted. Led by King Leonidas, a force of several thousand Greek allies held the narrow pass against overwhelming odds, delaying the Persian army and buying crucial time for the Greek coalition to regroup and ultimately turn the tide. This epic stand has since become a legendary chapter in military history.",{"id":60,"name":61,"keywords":4,"slug":62,"author":7,"ogImage":63,"isBlog":4,"createDate":64,"updateDate":64,"description":65},"1ff11f790154484882c2330ce9ee4dc8","Themistocles built the Athenian navy.","themistocles","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773996650171_493BC.jpg","2026-03-20T16:49:25","Themistocles used the revenues from the Laurion silver mines to build the Athenian fleet, construct ports and fortifications, and lay the foundations of Athens’ maritime supremacy. Yet in his later years, he was subjected to ostracism and died in exile in Persia.",{"id":67,"name":68,"keywords":4,"slug":69,"author":7,"ogImage":70,"isBlog":4,"createDate":71,"updateDate":71,"description":72},"8491c1ef3dc54813ba4607d84e439959","The First Punic War ended.","the-end-of-the-first-punic-war","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773821870368_The_Oath_of_Hannibal2.jpg","2026-03-18T19:25:41","After the defeat of Carthage in the Battle of Egardi in 241 BC, Rome ended the first Punic War in 23 years through the Peace of Catullus, taking control of Sicily and becoming the overlord of the Western Mediterranean.",{"id":74,"name":75,"keywords":4,"slug":76,"author":7,"ogImage":77,"isBlog":4,"createDate":78,"updateDate":78,"description":79},"433c14dafc584a86b8e5819dbf62deec","Battle of Himera","battle-of-himera","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773889155192_Ancient-Carthage.jpg","2026-03-19T14:08:23","In 480 BC, the Battle of Himera erupted. Gelon, the tyrant of Syracuse, led a coalition of Greek forces to defeat the massive Carthaginian army, thereby thwarting Carthage’s westward expansion into Sicily and marking a pivotal victory for Greek civilization in the western Mediterranean.",{"id":81,"name":82,"keywords":4,"slug":83,"author":7,"ogImage":84,"isBlog":4,"createDate":85,"updateDate":85,"description":86},"ff04bebabfe340d2816979640f79735a","The Sicilian War of Attrition","first-punic-war-sicilian-confrontation","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773836795285_1773641026266_Altar-of-Domitius-Ahenobarbus2.jpg","2026-03-18T19:05:47","The First Punic War entered the Sicilian War of Attrition. Rome captured Palermo, but was defeated in the Battle of Drepana. Hamilka Baca held the western fortress of Carthage with guerrilla tactics, and the war fell into a long stalemate.",{"id":88,"name":89,"keywords":4,"slug":90,"author":7,"ogImage":91,"isBlog":4,"createDate":92,"updateDate":92,"description":93},"34dd3ef76ca940138120fc08db55098c","The Battle of Aralia","battle-of-alalia","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773889166419_battle-of-alalia3.png","2026-03-19T13:41:54","Between 540 and 535 BCE, the Battle of Alalia took place, pitting the Greek colonists of Phocaea against a joint Carthaginian–Etruscan fleet. This naval engagement fundamentally reshaped the balance of power in the western Mediterranean, bringing an end to the Greek westward colonial expansion.",{"id":95,"name":96,"keywords":4,"slug":97,"author":7,"ogImage":98,"isBlog":4,"createDate":99,"updateDate":99,"description":100},"c9c2069607dc4ddb81df7f159c2477cc","Carthage Empire","the-rise-of-the-carthaginian-empire","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773889543432_Carthage32.jpg","2026-03-19T13:18:27","Carthage was a colonial empire founded by the Phoenicians in North Africa. Relying on its naval power and trade, it came to dominate the western Mediterranean. Through the expansions led by Hamilcar Barca and Mago I, Carthage emerged as a major Mediterranean power prior to Rome’s rise.",{"id":102,"name":103,"keywords":4,"slug":104,"author":7,"ogImage":105,"isBlog":4,"createDate":106,"updateDate":106,"description":107},"aba73b3472c5466a9947cc249556571b","Phoenician city-states under power","phoenician-city-states-vassalized-to-great-powers","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283572590_720_1765465371446_Assyrian_Fragments_of_Bands_from_a_Gate_Walters.jpg","2026-03-07T13:29:57","The Phoenician city-state dominated the Eastern Mediterranean by virtue of commerce and navigation, but it was successively reduced to Assyria, Neo-Babylon, and Persian vassals, and finally ended the era of ocean hegemony after Alexander captured Tyrus.",{"id":109,"name":110,"keywords":4,"slug":111,"author":7,"ogImage":112,"isBlog":4,"createDate":113,"updateDate":113,"description":114},"4c8d31293f804624bffefd2d1ea19c6f","The New Elam Period and the Demise of Civilization","neo-elamite-period","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290418284_720_1765426853042_Assyria.jpg","2026-03-08T17:09:12","From 1100 to 600 BC, the New Elam period witnessed the end of the Elam civilization in two thousand years. This article details the brutal conquest of the Assyrian Empire, the destruction of the city of Susa, and how the Persians inherited the heritage of Elam and established the Achaemenid dynasty, restoring the true epic of the change of hegemony in the Near East.",{"id":116,"name":117,"keywords":4,"slug":118,"author":7,"ogImage":119,"isBlog":4,"createDate":120,"updateDate":120,"description":121},"00549781383e4e04aaa9fcb7e5247c6e","The First Punic War","first-punic-war","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773821854423_Battle_of_Mylae1.jpg","2026-03-18T15:54:39","The First Punic War (264–241 BCE) was the first major conflict between Rome and Carthage over dominance in the Mediterranean. Rome began as a land power with no navy. By employing the corvus boarding bridge, it decisively defeated the Carthaginian fleet at the Battle of Mylae, ultimately seizing Sicily and establishing its dominance in the Western Mediterranean.",{"id":123,"name":124,"keywords":4,"slug":125,"author":7,"ogImage":126,"isBlog":4,"createDate":127,"updateDate":127,"description":128},"4c6669ee00cb4318a52b69c064c91e7c","Syracuse in the Age of Gelon","syracuse-in-the-age-of-gelon","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773835732572_1773816624938_Gelon2.jpg","2026-03-18T20:00:21","Gaylon became the tyrant of Syrakus in 485 BC, creating the Golden Age of Syrakus through the centralization of immigration and the victory over Carthage in the Battle of Himera, making it the core power of Greek civilization in the Western Mediterranean.",{"id":130,"name":131,"keywords":4,"slug":132,"author":7,"ogImage":133,"isBlog":4,"createDate":134,"updateDate":134,"description":135},"87b1ad24e8f848fd8e29a71242111069","Ancient Syrakan City","foundation-of-syracuse","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773822661514_Leto2.png","2026-03-18T19:48:50","Syrakus was built on the Sicilian island of Ortija by the Corinsians in 733 BC. With its natural harbor and fertile land, it rose rapidly and became one of the most powerful city-states in ancient Greece.",1777530962974]