大历史在线
The First Wheel And Plow
Author：卜可Published：September 11, 2025Updated：February 5, 2026
The kingship『descend from heaven 』February 28, 2026Why did the Sumerian king table say that "kingship descends from heaven"? This paper interprets the origin of the earliest human mythology of kingship, Eridu, Alulim, the Great Flood and the concept of divine kingship.
Gaxitte Babylonian DynastyMarch 5, 2026After the evacuation of the Hittites, the Gachts occupied Babylon to establish the Third Dynasty (1530-1157), continuing the Babylonian culture, which was eventually destroyed by the Elamese and ended their rule.
Shamsh-Adad I and the Kingdom of AssyriaMarch 5, 2026Shamsh-Adad I (the Amorites) captured the Assyrian and Mare regions, established the Assyrian kingdom, and controlled the trade in the upper reaches of the two river basins. Although the empire collapsed after his death, it laid the foundation for Assyrian civilization.
Ur III DynastyMarch 5, 2026The Third Dynasty of Ur was the last golden age of Sumerian civilization. It was established by Ulnam, unified the two river basins, revived culture and beliefs, promulgated the earliest known written code, and was eventually destroyed by Elam.
The Fall of AkkadMarch 5, 2026After the death of Nalamshin, the Akkad Empire declined rapidly and perished under the internal and external rebellion and barbarian invasion. The first empire in human history ended and the two rivers returned to the city-state era.
Sargon and the Akkadian EmpireMarch 5, 2026King Sargon of Akkad brought an end to the chaotic warfare among the Sumerian city-states and established the first multi-ethnic, centralized empire in human history—the Akkadian Empire. He unified the Mesopotamian region and ushered in the era of empires in Western Asia.
The earliest civilizations of mankindFebruary 28, 2026Where was the earliest human civilization born? Who were the Sumerians? The definition of cuneiform, city-state, race and civilization. This paper systematically explains the beginning of the civilization of the two river basins.
The establishment of the Roman RepublicMarch 7, 2026In 509 BC, Rome bid farewell to the royal government and opened a republic. An in-depth analysis of Polybius's theory of "mixed polity" and Monson's "peer-to-peer, annual" logic of checks and balances. Learn how Roman citizens, through power design, prevented the re-birth of the despotic monarchy.
The Battle of ThermopylaeMarch 20, 2026In 480 BC, the Battle of Thermopylae erupted. Led by King Leonidas, a force of several thousand Greek allies held the narrow pass against overwhelming odds, delaying the Persian army and buying crucial time for the Greek coalition to regroup and ultimately turn the tide. This epic stand has since become a legendary chapter in military history.
Themistocles built the Athenian navy.March 20, 2026Themistocles used the revenues from the Laurion silver mines to build the Athenian fleet, construct ports and fortifications, and lay the foundations of Athens’ maritime supremacy. Yet in his later years, he was subjected to ostracism and died in exile in Persia.
The First Punic War ended.March 18, 2026After the defeat of Carthage in the Battle of Egardi in 241 BC, Rome ended the first Punic War in 23 years through the Peace of Catullus, taking control of Sicily and becoming the overlord of the Western Mediterranean.
Battle of HimeraMarch 19, 2026In 480 BC, the Battle of Himera erupted. Gelon, the tyrant of Syracuse, led a coalition of Greek forces to defeat the massive Carthaginian army, thereby thwarting Carthage’s westward expansion into Sicily and marking a pivotal victory for Greek civilization in the western Mediterranean.
The Sicilian War of AttritionMarch 18, 2026The First Punic War entered the Sicilian War of Attrition. Rome captured Palermo, but was defeated in the Battle of Drepana. Hamilka Baca held the western fortress of Carthage with guerrilla tactics, and the war fell into a long stalemate.
The Battle of AraliaMarch 19, 2026Between 540 and 535 BCE, the Battle of Alalia took place, pitting the Greek colonists of Phocaea against a joint Carthaginian–Etruscan fleet. This naval engagement fundamentally reshaped the balance of power in the western Mediterranean, bringing an end to the Greek westward colonial expansion.
Carthage EmpireMarch 19, 2026Carthage was a colonial empire founded by the Phoenicians in North Africa. Relying on its naval power and trade, it came to dominate the western Mediterranean. Through the expansions led by Hamilcar Barca and Mago I, Carthage emerged as a major Mediterranean power prior to Rome’s rise.
Phoenician city-states under powerMarch 7, 2026The Phoenician city-state dominated the Eastern Mediterranean by virtue of commerce and navigation, but it was successively reduced to Assyria, Neo-Babylon, and Persian vassals, and finally ended the era of ocean hegemony after Alexander captured Tyrus.
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