[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":136},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article-earliest-pottery-artifacts-in-americas-en":3},{"id":4,"name":5,"keywords":4,"slug":6,"author":7,"status":4,"defaultLang":4,"ogImage":8,"ogType":9,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"isDeleted":4,"availableLangs":4,"i18nMeta":12,"relatedBlogs":23},null,"美洲出现陶器制品","earliest-pottery-artifacts-in-americas","卜可","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773021405295_COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM.jpg","article","2026-03-09T09:58:01","2025-09-11T08:30:35",{"name":13,"h1Title":14,"title":15,"subtitle":4,"keywords":16,"content":17,"overview":4,"description":18,"ogTitle":19,"ogDescription":20,"preface":4,"note":4,"langCode":21,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"priority":22,"author":7},"American pottery appears","5th millennium BC, the earliest pottery in the Americas","The Earliest Pottery in the Americas: Origins, Chronology, and Archaeological Evidence","TheearliestpotteryintheAmericas,Taperinha.","\n## The emergence and archaeological value of pottery technology\n\nPottery is the earliest synthetic material of human beings. It is shaped and dried by clay and fired. Because of its large quantity and durability, it has become the core cultural relic of archaeology. Clay is easy to obtain and process, making pottery independently originated in all parts of the world. At present, the oldest known pottery comes from the \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Odai Yamamoto Site\" lon=\"140.555\" lat=\"41.0672\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Odai Yamamoto Site\u003C/span> in Japan (Odai Yamamoto Site), dating from 16500 to 14920 years ago. However, 13000 years ago, non-agricultural people in the Jomon era were able to make pottery with both practical and decorative functions. In addition, there were clay portraits in Central and Western Europe in the late Paleolithic period, and pottery technology began to develop in the Americas around 6000 BC.\n\nThe emergence of pottery is often accompanied by agricultural lifestyles, as agricultural development requires durable storage containers; although there is no necessary causal relationship, settled life usually promotes the advancement of pottery technology. The early pottery-making technology was relatively simple, usually open-air firing (600-900 degrees Celsius), which was used in Japanese rope pottery and Egyptian vessels along the \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"The Nile\" lon=\"31.1167\" lat=\"30.9\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Nile River\u003C/span>. In the Neolithic period, temperature-controlled ovens appeared in the Near East, and kiln burning technology was later developed (the temperature can reach 1000-1200 degrees Celsius). In ancient China, the kiln temperature can reach more than 1300-1400 degrees Celsius. At this temperature, pure clay can be fired into porcelain; and it is also important to control the temperature and humidity in the kiln. Through these technologies, the pottery can be naturally discolored, which requires thousands of years. The long accumulation can be shaped.\n\nArchaeologists generally use three methods to determine the age of pottery: stratigraphic sequence method, radiocarbon dating method, typology sequence method. This is particularly important at sites where there is no written record, as Arthur Ivins dated the site through pottery from the \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Knossos Palace\" lon=\"25.1633\" lat=\"35.298\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Knossos Palace\u003C/span> and confirmed the trade links between \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Crete\" lon=\"25\" lat=\"35\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Crete\u003C/span> and Egypt. Analysis of the shape, color, decoration, etc. of pottery, but also to understand the development of social art, tracking trade and exchange networks.\n\n## The earliest pottery in the New World of America\n\nTherefore, in the course of human development, few topics can cause such widespread concern and controversy as the origin of agriculture and the emergence of pottery closely related to it. No matter where in the world, the first appearance of pottery will be regarded as an important symbol of mankind's progress towards a new stage of increasingly complex thought and social structure. Paleoanthropologists and archaeologists like to define and distinguish different cultures by pottery types, and the relationship between pottery and migration and food production has always promoted the research and exploration in the field of anthropology.\n\nThe earliest pottery products in the Americas were not born during the highly developed Inca or \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Maya\" lon=\"-89\" lat=\"20\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Mayan\u003C/span> civilization, but were created by early fishing, hunting and gathering groups living in the Amazon basin about 8000 to 7000 years ago (about 6000-5000 BC). This discovery completely changed the previous academic understanding that \"pottery must be developed simultaneously with agriculture. These earliest pottery were mainly found in the \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Taperinha Site\" lon=\"-54.304\" lat=\"-2.49106\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">Taperinia\u003C/span> site (Taperinha Site) and the \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Caverna da Pedra Pintada\" lon=\"-52.7333\" lat=\"-5.66667\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"8\">Pedra Pintada cave\u003C/span> (Caverna da Pedra Pintada) in \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Brazil\" lon=\"-51.9253\" lat=\"-14.235\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"3\">Brazil\u003C/span>. These early pottery pieces are rough in texture, usually made by mixing clay with plant fibers or crushed shells, and are mostly simple shallow bowls with occasional scratched lines on the surface as decoration.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.28/1771991252715_pottery.jpg\" alt=\"Taperinha 遗址发现的陶器\" />\n\u003Cspan>\n\u003Ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/rwe/10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_3030-1\" target=\"_blank\">What do Amazonian Shellmounds Tell Us About the Long-Term Indigenous History of South America?\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\nFragments of pottery found at the \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Taperinha Site\" lon=\"-54.304\" lat=\"-2.49106\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">Tamerinya site\u003C/span> in\u003Cp class=\"description\">.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\nThe evidence for archaeologists to confirm its age is extremely solid, relying mainly on deep excavation of shell Middens. In Taperinia, pottery flakes were found at the bottom of a shell mound several meters thick, and archaeologists have come up with amazing ancient data by radiocarbon dating of symbiotic shells, charcoal, and the pottery itself. In addition, the physicists also used the thermoluminescence dating technique (TL) to directly measure the thermal history of the ceramic sheet, and the results were consistent with the stratigraphic age. The large number of fish remains and aquatic mollusk shells in these unearthed sites proves that pottery technology emerged to better store and cook rich river resources, rather than to treat crops.\n\nPottery from this period is also evident at the \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"San Jacinto 1 Site\" lon=\"-116.967\" lat=\"33.7872\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"8\">San Jacinto 1 site\u003C/span> in Colombia, where the chain of evidence is richer. In addition to the exquisite engraving, archaeologists also detected plant residues in the pores of the pottery, proving that the pottery was used to treat wild plants. The pottery of San Jacinto is a little later than the pottery found in \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Brazil\" lon=\"-51.9253\" lat=\"-14.235\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"3\">Brazil\u003C/span>, about 5000 BC. Together, they constitute a strong proof of northern South America as the cradle of American pottery technology, showing the outstanding wisdom of Native Americans in independently inventing ceramic technology.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.28/1771991592900_San-Jacinto-1-Alfareria-de-fibras-vegetales-y-asas-zoomorfas-foto-Augusto.jpg\" alt=\"San-Jacinto-1 陶器\" width=\"60%\"/>\n\u003Cspan>\nCredit \u003Ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/figure/San-Jacinto-1-Alfareria-de-fibras-vegetales-y-asas-zoomorfas-foto-Augusto_fig4_277853661\" target=\"_blank\">El contexto económico de la alfarer temprana en el caso de San Jacinto 1\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\nPottery excavated at the \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"San Jacinto 1 Site\" lon=\"-116.967\" lat=\"33.7872\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"8\">San Jacinto 1 site\u003C/span>, \u003Cp class=\"description\">in the coastal region of northern Colombia. This evidence shows that as early as 6000 BC -5000 BC, the hunter-gatherers active here were already engaged in pottery making and processing wild plants.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n## References\n\n\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.30347218\" target=\"_blank\">San Jacinto 1: A Historical Ecological Approach to an Archaic Site in Colombia\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/figure/San-Jacinto-1-Alfareria-de-fibras-vegetales-y-asas-zoomorfas-foto-Augusto_fig4_277853661\" target=\"_blank\">El contexto económico de la alfarería temprana en el caso de San Jacinto 1\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://www.worldhistory.org/pottery/\" target=\"_blank\">pottery\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n---\n","Break the agricultural determinism! Archaeological discoveries prove that the earliest pottery in America was not produced by the Maya or Inca, but by fishing and hunting gatherers in the Amazon basin around 6000 BC. An in-depth understanding of the pottery-making techniques of the Taperigna and San Jacinto sites and their historical significance.","Not the Maya, and not the Inca! Could the earliest pottery in the Americas actually come from here?","Deep in the Amazon's Bay Mound, there is hidden the pottery wisdom independently invented by Native Americans. See how archaeologists use carbon 14 and thermoluminescence technology to uncover the secrets of ceramic making in 6000 BC.","en",0.7,[24,31,38,45,52,59,66,73,80,87,94,101,108,115,122,129],{"id":25,"name":26,"keywords":4,"slug":27,"author":7,"ogImage":28,"isBlog":4,"createDate":29,"updateDate":29,"description":30},"4cd7766ae5ee468ea48aa3adba7941a9","The establishment of the Roman Republic","the-establishment-of-the-roman-republic","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770291076578_720_1769589582052_Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.jpg","2026-03-07T23:45:15","In 509 BC, Rome bid farewell to the royal government and opened a republic. An in-depth analysis of Polybius's theory of \"mixed polity\" and Monson's \"peer-to-peer, annual\" logic of checks and balances. Learn how Roman citizens, through power design, prevented the re-birth of the despotic monarchy.",{"id":32,"name":33,"keywords":4,"slug":34,"author":7,"ogImage":35,"isBlog":4,"createDate":36,"updateDate":36,"description":37},"118dd65be46847a6a11b5fe6745beec8","The Battle of Thermopylae","battle-of-thermopylae","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773992089939_leonidas-i720.jpg","2026-03-20T19:07:09","In 480 BC, the Battle of Thermopylae erupted. Led by King Leonidas, a force of several thousand Greek allies held the narrow pass against overwhelming odds, delaying the Persian army and buying crucial time for the Greek coalition to regroup and ultimately turn the tide. This epic stand has since become a legendary chapter in military history.",{"id":39,"name":40,"keywords":4,"slug":41,"author":7,"ogImage":42,"isBlog":4,"createDate":43,"updateDate":43,"description":44},"1ff11f790154484882c2330ce9ee4dc8","Themistocles built the Athenian navy.","themistocles","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773996650171_493BC.jpg","2026-03-20T16:49:25","Themistocles used the revenues from the Laurion silver mines to build the Athenian fleet, construct ports and fortifications, and lay the foundations of Athens’ maritime supremacy. Yet in his later years, he was subjected to ostracism and died in exile in Persia.",{"id":46,"name":47,"keywords":4,"slug":48,"author":7,"ogImage":49,"isBlog":4,"createDate":50,"updateDate":50,"description":51},"8491c1ef3dc54813ba4607d84e439959","The First Punic War ended.","the-end-of-the-first-punic-war","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773821870368_The_Oath_of_Hannibal2.jpg","2026-03-18T19:25:41","After the defeat of Carthage in the Battle of Egardi in 241 BC, Rome ended the first Punic War in 23 years through the Peace of Catullus, taking control of Sicily and becoming the overlord of the Western Mediterranean.",{"id":53,"name":54,"keywords":4,"slug":55,"author":7,"ogImage":56,"isBlog":4,"createDate":57,"updateDate":57,"description":58},"433c14dafc584a86b8e5819dbf62deec","Battle of Himera","battle-of-himera","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773889155192_Ancient-Carthage.jpg","2026-03-19T14:08:23","In 480 BC, the Battle of Himera erupted. Gelon, the tyrant of Syracuse, led a coalition of Greek forces to defeat the massive Carthaginian army, thereby thwarting Carthage’s westward expansion into Sicily and marking a pivotal victory for Greek civilization in the western Mediterranean.",{"id":60,"name":61,"keywords":4,"slug":62,"author":7,"ogImage":63,"isBlog":4,"createDate":64,"updateDate":64,"description":65},"ff04bebabfe340d2816979640f79735a","The Sicilian War of Attrition","first-punic-war-sicilian-confrontation","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773836795285_1773641026266_Altar-of-Domitius-Ahenobarbus2.jpg","2026-03-18T19:05:47","The First Punic War entered the Sicilian War of Attrition. Rome captured Palermo, but was defeated in the Battle of Drepana. Hamilka Baca held the western fortress of Carthage with guerrilla tactics, and the war fell into a long stalemate.",{"id":67,"name":68,"keywords":4,"slug":69,"author":7,"ogImage":70,"isBlog":4,"createDate":71,"updateDate":71,"description":72},"34dd3ef76ca940138120fc08db55098c","The Battle of Aralia","battle-of-alalia","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773889166419_battle-of-alalia3.png","2026-03-19T13:41:54","Between 540 and 535 BCE, the Battle of Alalia took place, pitting the Greek colonists of Phocaea against a joint Carthaginian–Etruscan fleet. This naval engagement fundamentally reshaped the balance of power in the western Mediterranean, bringing an end to the Greek westward colonial expansion.",{"id":74,"name":75,"keywords":4,"slug":76,"author":7,"ogImage":77,"isBlog":4,"createDate":78,"updateDate":78,"description":79},"c9c2069607dc4ddb81df7f159c2477cc","Carthage Empire","the-rise-of-the-carthaginian-empire","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773889543432_Carthage32.jpg","2026-03-19T13:18:27","Carthage was a colonial empire founded by the Phoenicians in North Africa. Relying on its naval power and trade, it came to dominate the western Mediterranean. Through the expansions led by Hamilcar Barca and Mago I, Carthage emerged as a major Mediterranean power prior to Rome’s rise.",{"id":81,"name":82,"keywords":4,"slug":83,"author":7,"ogImage":84,"isBlog":4,"createDate":85,"updateDate":85,"description":86},"aba73b3472c5466a9947cc249556571b","Phoenician city-states under power","phoenician-city-states-vassalized-to-great-powers","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283572590_720_1765465371446_Assyrian_Fragments_of_Bands_from_a_Gate_Walters.jpg","2026-03-07T13:29:57","The Phoenician city-state dominated the Eastern Mediterranean by virtue of commerce and navigation, but it was successively reduced to Assyria, Neo-Babylon, and Persian vassals, and finally ended the era of ocean hegemony after Alexander captured Tyrus.",{"id":88,"name":89,"keywords":4,"slug":90,"author":7,"ogImage":91,"isBlog":4,"createDate":92,"updateDate":92,"description":93},"4c8d31293f804624bffefd2d1ea19c6f","The New Elam Period and the Demise of Civilization","neo-elamite-period","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290418284_720_1765426853042_Assyria.jpg","2026-03-08T17:09:12","From 1100 to 600 BC, the New Elam period witnessed the end of the Elam civilization in two thousand years. This article details the brutal conquest of the Assyrian Empire, the destruction of the city of Susa, and how the Persians inherited the heritage of Elam and established the Achaemenid dynasty, restoring the true epic of the change of hegemony in the Near East.",{"id":95,"name":96,"keywords":4,"slug":97,"author":7,"ogImage":98,"isBlog":4,"createDate":99,"updateDate":99,"description":100},"00549781383e4e04aaa9fcb7e5247c6e","The First Punic War","first-punic-war","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773821854423_Battle_of_Mylae1.jpg","2026-03-18T15:54:39","The First Punic War (264–241 BCE) was the first major conflict between Rome and Carthage over dominance in the Mediterranean. Rome began as a land power with no navy. By employing the corvus boarding bridge, it decisively defeated the Carthaginian fleet at the Battle of Mylae, ultimately seizing Sicily and establishing its dominance in the Western Mediterranean.",{"id":102,"name":103,"keywords":4,"slug":104,"author":7,"ogImage":105,"isBlog":4,"createDate":106,"updateDate":106,"description":107},"4c6669ee00cb4318a52b69c064c91e7c","Syracuse in the Age of Gelon","syracuse-in-the-age-of-gelon","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773835732572_1773816624938_Gelon2.jpg","2026-03-18T20:00:21","Gaylon became the tyrant of Syrakus in 485 BC, creating the Golden Age of Syrakus through the centralization of immigration and the victory over Carthage in the Battle of Himera, making it the core power of Greek civilization in the Western Mediterranean.",{"id":109,"name":110,"keywords":4,"slug":111,"author":7,"ogImage":112,"isBlog":4,"createDate":113,"updateDate":113,"description":114},"87b1ad24e8f848fd8e29a71242111069","Ancient Syrakan City","foundation-of-syracuse","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773822661514_Leto2.png","2026-03-18T19:48:50","Syrakus was built on the Sicilian island of Ortija by the Corinsians in 733 BC. With its natural harbor and fertile land, it rose rapidly and became one of the most powerful city-states in ancient Greece.",{"id":116,"name":117,"keywords":4,"slug":118,"author":7,"ogImage":119,"isBlog":4,"createDate":120,"updateDate":120,"description":121},"6fb53305c4d24ded98ef1aad7875566a","The Roman expedition to Carthage","first-punic-war-expedition-to-carthage","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1773825394026_Battle-of-Cape-Ecnomus2.jpg","2026-03-18T17:06:36","During the First Punic War, Rome assembled a massive fleet and launched an expedition against Carthage’s homeland. It achieved a decisive victory at the Battle of Cape Ecnomus but suffered a disastrous defeat at the Bagradas River, where Regulus was captured, going on to become a legendary hero in Roman history.",{"id":123,"name":124,"keywords":4,"slug":125,"author":7,"ogImage":126,"isBlog":4,"createDate":127,"updateDate":127,"description":128},"66e8b363e4fd4aef931fedd2c067d28b","Villanova culture","villanovan-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283470288_720_1769063169667_Harness_Trapping_in_the_Shape_of_a_Horse_LACMA.jpg","2026-03-06T22:33:18","The Villanovan culture, emblematic of the Iron Age on the Italian Peninsula, is characterized by its distinctive cremation practices and advanced metallurgical skills. It served as the direct precursor to Etruscan civilization and exerted a profound influence on the origins of Roman civilization.",{"id":130,"name":131,"keywords":4,"slug":132,"author":7,"ogImage":133,"isBlog":4,"createDate":134,"updateDate":134,"description":135},"9d6ffc016ad5496ea6cb688dbe06edf2","The kingship『descend from heaven 』","sumerian-king-list","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277186433_720_000171_1710127538406.jpg","2026-02-28T17:08:45","Why did the Sumerian king table say that \"kingship descends from heaven\"? This paper interprets the origin of the earliest human mythology of kingship, Eridu, Alulim, the Great Flood and the concept of divine kingship.\n",1774515944694]