[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":138},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article-downfall-of-the-mitanni-kingdom-en":3},{"id":4,"name":5,"keywords":4,"slug":6,"author":7,"status":4,"defaultLang":4,"ogImage":8,"ogType":9,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"isDeleted":4,"availableLangs":4,"i18nMeta":12,"relatedBlogs":23},null,"米坦尼王国的战争与消亡","downfall-of-the-mitanni-kingdom","卜可","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770282602904_720_1764992572157_Cylinder_seal_1500–1350_BC_Mitanni.jpg","article","2026-02-05T17:10:08","2025-11-19T11:17:06",{"name":13,"h1Title":14,"title":15,"subtitle":4,"keywords":16,"content":17,"overview":4,"description":18,"ogTitle":19,"ogDescription":20,"preface":4,"note":4,"langCode":21,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"priority":22,"author":7},"War and Demise of the Kingdom of Mitanni","The War and Extinction of the Kingdom of Mitanni: The Rise and Fall of the Near Eastern Power","The Wars and Demise of the Kingdom of Mitanni: From Syrian Hegemon to Imperial Collapse","Mitanni,Hittites,Assyria","## Mitanni's war with Egypt\n\nIn 1458 BC, the female pharaoh Hatshepsut died. Later, as one of the greatest pharaohs of ancient Egypt, Thutmose III (Tuthmosis III, 1466-1412) officially took power and immediately began an expedition to \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Canaan Region\" lon=\"35.3434\" lat=\"32.7443\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Canaan\u003C/span>, Syria, Palestine and other Asian regions.\n\nIn the \"Battle of \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Megiddo\" lon=\"35.1844\" lat=\"32.5849\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Megiddo\u003C/span> \" (Megiddo), Thutmose III defeated the anti-Egyptian coalition forces led by King \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Kadesh\" lon=\"34.4928\" lat=\"30.688\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Katie\u003C/span> and supported by the Kingdom of Mitanni and occupied the land of Canaan; not only that, the Egyptians crossed the \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Euphrates River\" lon=\"38.6321\" lat=\"39.183\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Euphrates River\u003C/span> into the hinterland of Mitanni. It is said that the victorious Egypt captured \"3 princes, 30 women, 80 nobles, 660 male and female slaves and their heirs\". However, Egypt did not hit Mitani's army hard, and the two sides continued to fight over Syria and the \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Palestine Region\" lon=\"35.2272\" lat=\"31.9474\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Palestinian areas\u003C/span> for a period of time. In the later period of Thutmose III, Mitani slowly drove the Egyptian forces out of the Syrian region and became the overlord of the region. However, the struggle with the Egyptian Empire over this land did not end.\n\nIn the third year after Pharaoh Amenhotep II (Amenhotep II, 1427 BC -1401 BC) succeeded to the throne, he launched an expedition against Asia. Pharaoh brutally punished the rebellious states in this area (because of Mitanni's support), allegedly executing seven kings, bringing their bodies back to the city of \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Thebes City\" lon=\"32.6407\" lat=\"25.6979\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Thebes\u003C/span> and hanging them on the walls of the city for public display.\n\nHowever, Egypt did not shake Mitani's foundation in Syria. At this time, Mitani's ruler was Alta Tamar I (Artatama I, about 1430-1410 BC). When his son Shutarna II (Shuttarna II) reigned, the kingdom of Mitani reached the peak of power and popularity.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-article\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.30/1764992419535_Carte_du_Mitanni-en.jpg\" alt=\"米坦尼的势力范围\" width=\"80%\"/>\n\u003Cspan>\nImage source: \u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitanni\" target=\"_blank\">Mitanni\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">the sphere of influence in the heyday of the Mitani kingdom, dark for the core area of the kingdom.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n## The demise of Mitanni\n\nThe war between Egypt and Mitani weakened the strength of both sides, allowing the Hittite Empire to rise again and become a common threat to both countries.\n\nIn order to avoid the unfavorable situation of fighting on the north and south lines, Mitani took the initiative to make peace with Egypt after weighing the pros and cons. To this end, Mitani and Egypt also adopted a marriage to strengthen the relationship, which has become a \"traditional\" approach between the two countries. In the meantime, even if serious events such as the usurpation of the throne took place within Mitani, they still did not change their established policies. One of the most famous queens of ancient Egypt, Nefertiti (Nefertiti, about 1370-1330 BC, meaning \"beautiful people are coming\"), who left the most famous sculpture of the 18th dynasty, is said to have been a princess from the kingdom of Mitani.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000176/000176_1710122434405.jpg\" alt=\"娜芙蒂蒂，她可能是一位米坦尼公主\"  />\n\u003Cspan>\nPhoto by \u003Ca href=\"http://narmer.pl/dyn/18en.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Narmer\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">Nefertiti (Nefertiti) is the queen of Pharaoh Ehnatun and one of the most famous queens in the history of Egypt. It is said that she has amazing beauty. There are also many legends and mysteries about her life experience and ending. One theory is that she is a princess mitani who married to Egypt. In modern times, the struggle for the ownership of this cultural relic has also given birth to a lot of interesting stories, which interested readers can find out by themselves. This sculpture is of great artistic value and is known as \"one of the best works of art in ancient Egypt\". At present, it is collected in the \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Berlin\" lon=\"13.4105\" lat=\"52.5244\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Berlin\u003C/span> Museum, which of course belongs to the collection of \"treasure of the town hall.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\nNefertiti is the queen of the famous pharaoh Ehnatun (Akhenaten, 1339-1322 BC). Because Ehnatun's main energy is on the so-called \"theocracy reform\" inside, that is, replacing the country's main god \"Amon\" with the only \"Ahnatun god\". This internal consumption of power greatly weakened Egypt's outward expansion, allowing Mitani to encroach on the \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Syria Region\" lon=\"38.9968\" lat=\"34.8021\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"3\">Syrian region\u003C/span> again. However, Mitani's main enemy at this time was the Hittite Empire under the rule of Suppiluliuma I, 1344-1322. Hittite not only secretly supported Mitani's internal opposition forces, but also won over Mitani's nominal ally Egypt, keeping it neutral.\n\nThe Hittite policy was very successful and gradually gained the upper hand in the war with Mitani, and the Mitani kingdom went to its demise. In the Second Syrian War between Hittite and Mitanni, Supru Luma I crossed the \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Euphrates River\" lon=\"38.6321\" lat=\"39.183\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Euphrates River\u003C/span>, captured many dependent countries in the west of Mitanni, and finally broke through \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Washukanni\" lon=\"40.0701\" lat=\"36.8415\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Vasukani\u003C/span> (Washukanni), the capital of Mitanni Kingdom. King Tushrata (Tushratta) had to abandon the city and fled, and was finally killed by his son.\n\nUnder the attack of the Hittites, the kingdom of Mitani has been devastated ever since. The Assyrian region originally attached to the empire also lost control. Under the leadership of Ashur Ubalit I (Ashur-uballit I, about 1365 BC -1330 BC), Assyria achieved independence. Later, Assyrian king Salmanasar I (Shalmaneser I, 1274-1245 BC) defeated the Allied forces of Mitanni, blinded 14000 prisoners of war in the right eye and sold them into slavery. The kingdom of Mitanni eventually perished.\n\nLocated between the two powers of the Hittites and Egypt, Mitanni's demise lifted the shackles of Assyria, but more importantly the rise of the Hittites, which began to enter the so-called \"New Kingdom\", or the Hittite Empire. Subsequently, in order to compete for Mitani's legacy, the Hittites and another regional power, the Egyptian Empire, fought each other.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/000180/000180_1710124219876.jpg\" alt=\"米坦尼王国的宫殿遗址\" />\n\u003Cspan>\n\u003Ca href=\"https://ancient-civilization.com/mesopotamia/history-of-the-hurrians-and-the-state-of-mitanni.html\" target=\"_blank\">History of the Hurrians and the State of Mitanni\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">Palace site of the Kingdom of Mitani, located in \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Nagar\" lon=\"41.0587\" lat=\"36.6674\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Nagar\u003C/span> (Nagar), dating from about 1500 BC -1360 BC.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n## the influence of mitanni kingdom on later generations\n\nIn general, archaeologists know little about the details of the Mitani Kingdom, mainly through indirect evidence from neighboring countries to sort out its context. Therefore, historians are relatively certain about the number of kings, their main deeds, and their important interactions with other neighboring countries, but Mitani's architecture, art, religious system and many other specific matters lack historical basis.\n\nThe history of the Mitani kingdom is relatively short, but the culture inherited and created by the main body of the Hurrian people has a far-reaching impact on future generations. The kingdom incorporated cultural elements from the Julians themselves, as well as from the region of \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mesopotamia\" lon=\"43.4837\" lat=\"34.5338\" year=\"-4000\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">Mesopotamia\u003C/span>, and passed them on to the neighbouring Hittites. In particular, the religion and mythology of the Julians had a great influence on the latter. Julian gods also appear in various documents of the Hittite kingdom, including history, treaties, religion and mythology. Some of the gods even became part of the names of several later Hittite kings.\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.30/1772761166138_Royal_seal_of_Šauštatar_of_Mitanni.svg.png\" alt=\"胡里安人的神灵\" width=\"60%\"/>\n\u003Cspan>\nImage source: \u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitanni\" target=\"_blank\">Mitanni\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">Photocopy of the coat of arms of King Mitny Shoshtatar (Shaushtatar, 1480-1460 BC).\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.30/1772761563422_Foundation_tablet,_dedication_to_God_Nergal_by_Hurrian_king_Atalshen,_king_of_Urkish_and_Nawar,_Habur_Bassin,_circa_2000_BC_Louvre_Museum_AO_5678.jpg\" alt=\"胡里安王室铭文\" width=\"80%\"/>\n\u003Cspan>\nImage source: \u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurrian_religion\" target=\"_blank\">Hurrian religion\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\nEarly \u003Cp class=\"description\">royal inscription of Hurrian.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\nThe letters between King Mitani and the Pharaoh of Egypt, as well as the Hittite kings, have been preserved, especially during the reign of Shuttarna II (Shutarna II) and his son Tushrata (Tushratta), with more records, and are one of the main materials for later generations to understand that period of history.\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.30/1772760975702_One_of_the_Amarna_letters._A_letter_from_Tushratta_king_of_Mitanni_to_the_Egyptian_Pharaoh_Amenhotep_III._Circa_1370_BCE._Akkadian_cuneiform_text._From_Tell_el-Amarna,_Egypt._Vorderasiatisches_Museum,_Berlin.jpg\" alt=\"米坦尼国王图什拉塔，写给埃及法老阿蒙霍特普三世的信件\" width=\"60%\"/>\n\u003Cspan>\nImage source: \u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tushratta\" target=\"_blank\">Tushratta\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">this cuneiform stone tablet is engraved with a letter from Mitani king Tushlata (Tushratta) to Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep III (Amenhotep III, 1378-1339 BC), which dates back to around 1350 BC. In this letter, the two rulers are discussing the marriage between Pharaoh and Princess Mitani (Taduhepa). Tushlata also gives a lot of gold, jewelry, clothing, and saddles as the princess's dowry. The original is in the British Museum \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"London\" lon=\"0.118092\" lat=\"51.5099\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">in London\u003C/span>.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n\u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.25.30/1772760752406_Kikkuli_text._Clay_tablet,_a_training_program_for_chariot_horses._Purchase,_provenance_unknown._14th_century_BCE._Pergamon_Museum,_Berlin,_Germany.jpg\" alt=\"人类最早的战马驯养手册\" width=\"60%\"/>\n\u003Cspan>\nImage source: \u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikkuli\" target=\"_blank\">Kikkuli\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n\u003Cp class=\"description\">the war horse training manual compiled by Kikuli (Kikkuli), who is a Mitanni horse trainer. Mitany is a kingdom that is good at driving chariots. The Mitani document on this clay board is probably the earliest known \"handbook for horse domestication\", detailing how to feed, how to train, and how to rest horses. The original is in the Near East Museum \u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Berlin\" lon=\"13.4105\" lat=\"52.5244\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">in Berlin\u003C/span>.\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n## References\n\n\n\n《世界史纲》赫伯特·乔治·威尔斯；孙丽娟[译]；北京理工大学出版社 2016-01\n\n《巴比伦：\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mesopotamia\" lon=\"43.4837\" lat=\"34.5338\" year=\"-4000\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">美索不达米亚\u003C/span>和文明的诞生》保罗·克里瓦切克；陈沅[译]；社会科学文献出版社 2019-12\n\n[8]. 《\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mesopotamia\" lon=\"43.4837\" lat=\"34.5338\" year=\"-4000\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">美索不达米亚\u003C/span>文明（美国国家地理全球史）》；美国国家地理学会 编著； 袁姗姗[译]；现代出版社 2022-09\n\n[9]. 《古代亚述简史》；卡伦·拉德纳；颜海英 常洋铭[译]；外语教学与研究出版社 2021-04\n\n[10]. 《阿玛纳时代东\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Mediterranean Sea\" lon=\"18\" lat=\"34\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"3\">地中海\u003C/span>世界文明共生现象研究（公元前1600-前1100年）》；孙宝国；中国社会科学出版社 2021-01\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitanni\" target=\"_blank\">Wiki: Mitanni\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://www.worldhistory.org/Mitanni/\" target=\"_blank\">World History: Mitanni\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n---\n\n","The kingdom of Mitani fought for hegemony over Syria between Egypt and the Hittites, and was eventually defeated by the Hittites and destroyed by Assyria, which became the key to the transition of the ancient Near East.","The Kingdom of Mitanni: How the Syrian Overlord in the Twit","The Mitanni Kingdom, which once balanced power between Egypt and the Hittites and dominated Syrian affairs, ultimately declined and fell. Its territorial and political legacy was partitioned between the Hittites and Assyria, indirectly facilitating their rise and making Mitanni a pivotal force in the reshaping of the Late Bronze Age Near Eastern order. Understand the wars, rise and fall, and historical impact of the Kingdom of Mitanni.","en",0.7,[24,31,39,46,53,60,67,74,81,88,95,102,109,116,123,131],{"id":25,"name":26,"keywords":4,"slug":27,"author":7,"ogImage":28,"isBlog":4,"createDate":29,"updateDate":29,"description":30},"4c8d31293f804624bffefd2d1ea19c6f","The New Elam Period and the Demise of Civilization","neo-elamite-period","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290418284_720_1765426853042_Assyria.jpg","2026-03-08T17:09:12","From 1100 to 600 BC, the New Elam period witnessed the end of the Elam civilization in two thousand years. This article details the brutal conquest of the Assyrian Empire, the destruction of the city of Susa, and how the Persians inherited the heritage of Elam and established the Achaemenid dynasty, restoring the true epic of the change of hegemony in the Near East.",{"id":32,"name":33,"keywords":4,"slug":34,"author":7,"ogImage":35,"isBlog":4,"createDate":36,"updateDate":37,"description":38},"c95a3540107249f0915fcb3daa6a989c","Assyrian Banibal","ashurbanipal","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290515108_720_1765955683708_Ashurbanipal2.jpg","2026-02-26T00:19:14","2026-02-28T17:51:10","Assyrian Banibal was the last powerful monarch of the Assyrian Empire. He conquered Egypt, washed Elam with blood, established the world's earliest systematic library, and witnessed the empire's demise from its peak.",{"id":40,"name":41,"keywords":4,"slug":42,"author":7,"ogImage":43,"isBlog":4,"createDate":44,"updateDate":44,"description":45},"51b4e0f9e3524c139d87f1b1a38eb20c","Tigrat-Parachar III","tiglath-pileser-iii","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770284171892_720_1765296079488_Tiglath-Pileser-III.jpg","2026-03-06T14:19:18","Tigrat-Palachar III ended the century-old downturn in Assyria, reshaped the empire with military expansion, provinces and forced migration, conquered Syria, Israel and Babylon, and opened the pinnacle of the new Assyrian empire.",{"id":47,"name":48,"keywords":4,"slug":49,"author":7,"ogImage":50,"isBlog":4,"createDate":51,"updateDate":51,"description":52},"f8304c66f2b045f7a815f7ea2099a720","The Assyrian Empire fell.","fall-of-the-assyrian-empire","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290720458_720_1765958465332_assyrian-sculpture2.jpg","2026-03-06T20:52:40","After the death of Assyrian Banibal, the empire declined rapidly. The allied forces of Middy and New Babylon conquered Nineveh, slaughtered the city and burned the capital. The Assyrian Empire, which was in full bloom for a while, completely perished and opened a new pattern in the Near East.",{"id":54,"name":55,"keywords":4,"slug":56,"author":7,"ogImage":57,"isBlog":4,"createDate":58,"updateDate":58,"description":59},"9f11da900d9848398368d30d24938f22","Isaahutton","esarhaddon","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290469728_720_1766043729754_Esarhaddon.jpg","2026-03-06T20:45:30","Isaharton calmed the civil strife on the throne, rebuilt the city of Babylon burned by his father, defeated the nomads, conquered Egypt, and pushed the Assyrian Empire to the pinnacle of territory and national power.",{"id":61,"name":62,"keywords":4,"slug":63,"author":7,"ogImage":64,"isBlog":4,"createDate":65,"updateDate":65,"description":66},"a291a35272134469a0e52c33bd90430d","Sinakerib","sennacherib","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290298209_720_000208_1756711796420_Shalmaneser2.jpg","2026-03-06T20:31:38","Sennakeri put down the Babylonian rebellion, captured Rajish, besieged Jerusalem, and went on an expedition across the sea to Elam. Eventually, he was killed by his son for burning Babylon and blaspheming the gods, leading to a tragic ending.",{"id":68,"name":69,"keywords":4,"slug":70,"author":7,"ogImage":71,"isBlog":4,"createDate":72,"updateDate":72,"description":73},"25ba976e4a84473b9de6275248fa4e61","Assyria destroyed the Kingdom of Israel","assyrian-conquest-of-kingdom-of-israel","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290212077_720_000199_1719298485539.jpg","2026-03-06T22:15:27","Due to the decline of the kingdom of Israel due to civil strife, the last king Hochia United against Assyria was seen through, and Sargon II broke through Samaria and exiled 27000 Israelites, creating the mystery of \"the ten lost tribes.",{"id":75,"name":76,"keywords":4,"slug":77,"author":7,"ogImage":78,"isBlog":4,"createDate":79,"updateDate":79,"description":80},"6f160e044d9746719e46813a9a720117","Sargon II","sargon-ii","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290188197_720_1765381393252_Sargon_II_Iraq_Museum.jpg","2026-03-06T15:35:57","Sargon II usurped power to ascend the throne, broke through Samaria and destroyed the northern state of Israel, defeated Urartu, conquered Babylon, and built the new Capital of Dulsarukin, pushing the New Assyrian Empire to its peak.",{"id":82,"name":83,"keywords":4,"slug":84,"author":7,"ogImage":85,"isBlog":4,"createDate":86,"updateDate":86,"description":87},"8820943b2e914f3fbf4e0d800cdedea9","The Kingdom of Uraltu Gone from Prosperity to Decline","downfall-of-uraltu-kingdom","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283909164_720_000211_1756708741113_Tushpa2.jpg","2026-03-06T14:29:19","Relying on the Armenian plateau, the Urartu Kingdom rose up and fought for hegemony with Assyria for a long time. Under the attack of Tigrat-Parachar III and Sargon II, the Urartu Kingdom turned from prosperity to decline, and finally died in the Medes and the Skeites.",{"id":89,"name":90,"keywords":4,"slug":91,"author":7,"ogImage":92,"isBlog":4,"createDate":93,"updateDate":93,"description":94},"f333b8c658284bbe972044ceb1050132","The Assyrian “Queen” Shamash-shum-ukin","sammu-ramat","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283677165_720_1766136016849_semiramis.jpg","2026-03-06T16:58:40","Samu-amat, queen shamsh-adad v and regent empress dowager of adadnilari III, stabilized assyria after the rebellion and became the true prototype of queen Semiramis in Greek mythology.",{"id":96,"name":97,"keywords":4,"slug":98,"author":7,"ogImage":99,"isBlog":4,"createDate":100,"updateDate":100,"description":101},"67b7d4fb8e24411eb742391ff809de5e","The Kingdom of Urartu arose.","rise-of-uraltu-kingdom","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283635458_720_1765176259767_Urartian_arch_near_Van._1973.jpg","2026-03-08T18:32:44","Urartu was the \"Kingdom of Fortresses\" on the plateau of ancient Armenia \". This article details how it withstood the Assyrian Empire with its stone castle, its era-leading iron smelting technology, and the Semiramis Canal and other engineering wonders. Explore this mysterious mountain civilization that disappeared in the 6th century BC.",{"id":103,"name":104,"keywords":4,"slug":105,"author":7,"ogImage":106,"isBlog":4,"createDate":107,"updateDate":107,"description":108},"a52b682c703e40d486cc8e53d5ceaf9d","Shalmaneser III","shalmaneser-iii","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283552160_720_000198_1719297007970.jpg","2026-03-06T16:39:41","Salmanasar III established the first standing army and cavalry of Assyria, launched the battle of Kalkar, and forced the king of Israel Jehu to become a minister. In his later years, the dispute over the storage position triggered civil strife and started Assyria's 100-year downturn.",{"id":110,"name":111,"keywords":4,"slug":112,"author":7,"ogImage":113,"isBlog":4,"createDate":114,"updateDate":114,"description":115},"f47d08d0746749e5aea8e5d9782a912f","Assyrian Nassipa II","ashurnasirpal-ii","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283512693_720_1764649387343_Ashurnasirpal_II.jpg","2026-03-06T16:14:03","Assyrian Nassipa II rebuilt Assyrian hegemony, set the city of Gala (Nimrud), and went west to the Mediterranean Sea to deter the four sides with brutality, opening the way for the expansion of the new Assyrian empire.",{"id":117,"name":118,"keywords":4,"slug":119,"author":7,"ogImage":120,"isBlog":4,"createDate":121,"updateDate":121,"description":122},"3524f33073f74ca791a2a0a0ff9f05a7","Neo-Assyrian Period-The Rise of the Empire","rise-of-neo-assyrian-empire","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283423294_720_1765171787724_Chaos_Monster_and_Sun_God.jpg","2026-03-06T13:56:34","Neo-Assyria evolved from a regional power into an empire. Tiglath-Pileser III inaugurated the imperial era, subjugating Mesopotamia, Syria, and Egypt through ruthless military campaigns and establishing Assyria as the dominant power in the Near East.",{"id":124,"name":125,"keywords":4,"slug":126,"author":7,"ogImage":127,"isBlog":4,"createDate":128,"updateDate":129,"description":130},"56cb3572d0204baca29ad9a49ba0ba43","The Second Expansion of Central Asia","tiglath-pileser-i","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283141726_720_000185_1719457481669.jpg","2026-03-06T12:49:39","2026-03-06T12:50:03","Tiegrat-Parachar I led the Central Asia to expand again, westward to the Mediterranean, east to Elam, south to Babylon, but quickly returned to the core area after his death.",{"id":132,"name":133,"keywords":4,"slug":134,"author":7,"ogImage":135,"isBlog":4,"createDate":136,"updateDate":136,"description":137},"90ea45dba4aa49178779c487004c272f","The dormant period of Babylon","babylon-assyrian-period","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283020766_720_1765021165321_nebuchadnezzar-1.jpg","2026-03-06T10:37:50","After the Bronze Age, Babylon experienced a succession of short-lived dynasties, ranging from the brief glory of Nebuchadnezzar I to its eventual subjugation as an Assyrian vassal. This section examines the rise and fall of Babylon during its period of dormancy, set against the broader historical context of the time.\n",1777530961724]