[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article-lion-man-of-hohlenstein-stadel-zh":3},{"id":4,"name":5,"keywords":4,"slug":6,"author":7,"status":4,"defaultLang":4,"ogImage":8,"ogType":9,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"isDeleted":4,"availableLangs":4,"i18nMeta":12,"relatedBlogs":22},null,"狮子人雕像","lion-man-of-hohlenstein-stadel","卜可","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1787020330431_loewenmensch1.jpg","article","2026-09-12T13:56:41","2026-08-14T15:33:20",{"name":5,"h1Title":13,"title":14,"subtitle":4,"keywords":15,"content":16,"overview":4,"description":17,"ogTitle":18,"ogDescription":19,"preface":4,"note":4,"langCode":20,"updateDate":10,"createDate":11,"priority":21,"author":7},"狮子人雕像：四万年前，人类精神世界的开端","狮子人雕像揭秘：4万年前最古老的雕塑与人类想象力的起源","狮子人雕像,Lion-man,施泰德岩洞,Hohlenstein-Stadel,旧石器时代艺术,史前雕塑,猛犸象牙雕刻,奥瑞纳文化,史前文化大跃进,霍勒费尔斯洞穴","\u003Cbr>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_48.49/1787019064049_loewenmensch12.jpg\" alt=\"德国南部的施泰德岩洞\" width=\"100%\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n    图片来源：\u003Ca href=\"https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loewenmensch1.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Loewenmensch\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">德国南部的\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Hohlenstein-Stadel\" lon=\"10.1727\" lat=\"48.5493\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">施泰德岩洞\u003C/span>（Hohlenstein-Stadel）中发现的“狮人”雕像，是目前（2023）全世界已知最古老的雕塑品之一，创造它的先民生活在距今约 4 万年前。这尊雕像巧妙地雕刻在猛犸象牙上，融合了动物和人类的元素。它的动物特征是狮子的头部、修长的身体和猫一样的前肢。而它的腿、脚和直立姿态明显是按照人类的形态塑造而成的。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n在大约5万年前，现代人的大脑似乎发生了一次显著的变化，出现了奇妙的创造力、想象力及艺术能力。这场相当剧烈的变革被称为“史前文化大跃进”，而这里将要介绍的文物，就是这场大跃进的代表作之一。\n\n## 狮子人雕像\n\n想象一群生活在末次冰期的人们，他们要为下一顿饭发愁，要守住篝火，要提防黑暗中随时可能扑来的猛兽。就是这样一群人，却让其中一个人放下手头的生存事务，花上超过400个小时，只为雕刻一件既不能吃、也不能穿、甚至不能用来打猎的东西。\n\n这件东西，就是“狮子人雕像”**（Lion-man of Hohlenstein-Stadel）**，一件伴随着人类艺术史而诞生的抽象创造物。\n\n### 一件“拼”出来的文物\n\n1939年，德国的施泰德岩洞（Hohlenstein-Stadel）中，考古学家发现了一堆破碎的猛犸象牙碎片。谁也没想到，一周后第二次世界大战爆发，发掘工作被迫中断，这些碎片就此在乌尔姆博物馆（Museum Ulm）的库房里沉睡了三十年。\n\n直到1969年，考古学家约阿希姆·哈恩重新整理了这批总数超过200块的碎片，于是，一个人形躯干、狮子头颅的怪异形象才逐渐浮现。此后几十年间，又经历了1982年、1987年、2012年的多轮修复，每次都有新碎片被找到、被拼接进去。雕像的身高也因此从最初的29.6厘米“长高”到了31.1厘米。\n\n这多少有点意味深长：**考古学家们对这件文物的认识，也是一点点被拼凑出来的。**\n\n### 半人半狮：一个不存在的形象，它是用来做什么的？\n\n拼合完成后，狮子人雕像呈现出这样的样子：人的身体，狮子的头。经碳测年确定，它诞生于**4.1万-3.5万年前**，是目前已知**最古老的具象雕塑，一件毫无疑问的艺术品**。\n\n这不是一次写生。世界上从来不存在人狮合体的生物，制作者凭空**想象**出了这个形象，把“人”和“狮子”这两个概念拆开，再重新组合成一个现实中不存在的东西。而这种能力，恰恰是“现代人心智”最重要的标志之一：我们不仅能描摹眼前所见，还能创造出从未存在过的事物。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_48.49/1787019313249_hohlensteinstadel.jpg\" alt=\"发现狮子人的施泰德岩洞\" width=\"100%\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n    图片来源：\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H%C3%B6hle_Hohlenstein_Hohlensteinstadel.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Hohlensteinstadel\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">发现狮子人的\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Hohlenstein-Stadel\" lon=\"10.1727\" lat=\"48.5493\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">施泰德岩洞\u003C/span>。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n雕像出土于岩洞深处，距入口近30米，与骨制工具、串珠、穿孔兽牙一同埋藏。这个位置很可能不是随意存放，而是某种特殊场所，如储藏室、隐秘的收纳处，甚至是举行仪式的地方。\n\n更有意思的是，附近的\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Hohle Fels Cave\" lon=\"9.75556\" lat=\"48.3792\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">霍勒费尔斯岩洞\u003C/span>（Hohle Fels Cave）也出土过一件类似但更小的狮头人像。这说明狮子人雕像很可能不是孤立的创作，而是当时一整个文化群体共享的信仰符号。有考古学家据此推测，这可能与早期的萨满信仰有关，人们相信，人可以与动物的灵性互换，借此获得某种超自然的力量。当然，这只是猜测。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_48.49/1787019472615_the-small-lion-man-from-hohle-fels.jpg\" alt=\"霍勒费尔斯岩洞出土的微型“狮头人”\" width=\"40%\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n    by 卜可，AI 辅助生成；原图参考：\u003Ca href=\"https://www.donsmaps.com/lionmansm.html\" target=\"_blank\">Der Kleiner Löwenmensch - The Small Lion Man from Hohle Fels\u003C/a>\n\u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">霍勒费尔斯岩洞出土的微型“狮头人”，它的高度只有2.55公分，由猛犸象牙制成，考古学家认为，它显然与施泰德岩洞中的狮子人有密切联系。由于保存状况不佳，学者们无法确切判断其性别，但从肩部和骨盆的形状来猜测，它很可能是一尊男性雕像。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n这种“半人半兽”的形象后来还多次出现在法国的岩洞壁画中，比如“\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Trois-Frères Cave\" lon=\"1.20833\" lat=\"43.0311\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">三兄弟岩洞\u003C/span>”中著名的“术士”形象，暗示这种想象在旧石器时代晚期，跨越相当遥远的地域，并被反复讲述。\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_48.49/1787019636578_the-sorcerer.jpg\" alt=\"The Sorcerer\" width=\"100%\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n    图片来源：\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Sorcerer_cave_art._Sketch_of_Breuil's_drawing._Photograph._Wellcome_M0008769.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Sorcerer Cave Art\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">三兄弟岩洞（Trois-Frères）中著名的“术士”（The Sorcerer）形象，是欧洲旧石器时代晚期著名且神秘的岩洞艺术作品之一，创作时代距今约1.5万年。它描绘了一位融合多种动物特征的人物形象，被一些学者解释为萨满或“动物之主”，可能与史前仪式活动有关，但真实含义恐怕很难确定了。这幅作品展现了早期人类早已具备象征思维，并开始通过艺术来表达精神世界。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n### 人类精神世界的诞生\n\n现代考古学家曾用当时可用的石器工具尝试复刻这件雕像：仅仅去除象牙根部就花了10小时，基础雕刻约200小时，算上打磨细节，全程预估会超过400小时。\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"The British Museum\" lon=\"-0.126168\" lat=\"51.5192\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">大英博物馆\u003C/span>策展人吉尔·库克提出过一个问题：一个仍在为生存挣扎的群体，为什么会允许一个人脱离狩猎、采集这些“正事”，而专心投入几百个小时，去做一件无法吃、无法穿、无法御寒的东西?\n\n她给出的回答是：这关乎“与看不见的事物建立联系”——人们需要某种方式，去理解、去安抚那些主宰命运的、看不见的自然之力。\n\n这或许才是狮子人雕像真正的意义所在。此前的阿舍利手斧，讲述的是人类如何用工具改造环境、走向世界；而这件雕像告诉我们：早在数万年前，人类就已经不满足于单纯的生存，开始追问那些超越生存本身的问题：我们从哪里来，又该如何理解这个充满未知与危险的世界？\n\n这是人类“抽象思维”能力的又一次升华，也是人类精神世界诞生的起点……\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_48.49/1787019738952_museo-de-ulm.jpg\" alt=\"狮子人雕像\" width=\"80%\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n    图片来源：\u003Ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cabeza_del_Hombre-Le%C3%B3n,_Museo_de_Ulm.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Museo de Ulm\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">狮子人雕像的**头部特写**的照片，拍摄于其永久展出地，德国乌尔姆博物馆。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"img-container-v1\">\n  \u003Cimg src=\"https://image.big-history.online/tree_48.49/1787019820531_grotte-chauvet.jpg\" alt=\"奥瑞纳文化\" width=\"50%\" />\n  \u003Cspan>\n    图片来源：\u003Ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:L%C3%B6wenmensch_Pr%C3%A4sentation.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">奥瑞纳文化\u003C/a>\n  \u003C/span>\n  \u003Cp class=\"description\">狮子人雕像的左臂上，还刻着七道平行的凹痕，其含义至今成谜，有人猜测与历法有关，也有人认为是某种仪式记号。从这幅图中可以隐约看到这些凹痕，而背景中岩画也同样著名，它出自法国\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Ardeche\" lon=\"3.81335\" lat=\"44.8149\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"4\">阿尔代什\u003C/span>省的\u003Cspan class=\"marker\" enus=\"Grotte Chauvet\" lon=\"4.41406\" lat=\"44.3876\" map=\"HB\" zoom=\"6\">肖维岩洞\u003C/span>（Grotte Chauvet），是奥瑞纳文化（Aurignacian Culture）的著名标志物之一。\u003C/p>\n\u003C/div>\n\n## 参考资料\n\n《大英博物馆世界简史》尼尔·麦格雷戈；余燕[译]；新星出版社 2017-11\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion-man\" target=\"_blank\">Lion man\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurignacian\" target=\"_blank\">Aurignacian\u003C/a>\n\n\u003Cbr>\n\n---","德国施泰德岩洞出土的狮人雕像，雕刻于四万年前猛犸象牙之上，是目前已知最古老的具象雕塑。这件半人半狮的艺术品，见证史前人类想象力与抽象精神世界的诞生。","狮人雕像：四万年前，人类精神世界的开端","一件用猛犸象牙雕成的半人半狮雕像，竟是人类抽象思维与精神世界诞生的最早证据。走进四万年前的狮子人雕像传奇。","zh",0.7,[23,33,42,51,60,69,78,87,96,105,114,123,132,141,150,159],{"id":24,"name":25,"keywords":26,"slug":27,"author":7,"ogImage":28,"isBlog":29,"createDate":30,"updateDate":31,"description":32},"b3cbc558c79b461d90347f4299a4c24e","安萨哈利情侣雕像","安萨哈利情侣雕像,AinSakhri-lovers,纳图夫文化,大英博物馆,史前雕塑,繁衍崇拜,大英博物馆世界简史,史前艺术","ain-sakhri-lovers","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779436525094_ain-sakhri-lovers2.jpg",1,"2026-08-18T10:54:15","2026-09-15T22:51:15","一块仅10厘米的方解石鹅卵石，从不同角度看会呈现出完全不同的形象。这是人类已知最早的情侣拥抱雕塑，来自一万一千年前的纳图夫文化。",{"id":34,"name":35,"keywords":36,"slug":37,"author":7,"ogImage":38,"isBlog":29,"createDate":39,"updateDate":40,"description":41},"37fb4d2375284b3a9b4176a9419a9ced","奥瑞纳文化","奥瑞纳文化,施泰德洞穴,狮子人,史前史,现代人","aurignacian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276727955_720_1760411643106_rhinos-chauvet-cave.jpg","2025-10-14T10:55:15","2026-07-18T21:10:12","什么是奥瑞纳文化？年代、分布、工具、壁画与雕塑（肖维岩洞、狮子人、霍赫勒・费尔斯维纳斯）一文看懂。",{"id":43,"name":44,"keywords":45,"slug":46,"author":7,"ogImage":47,"isBlog":29,"createDate":48,"updateDate":49,"description":50},"3e4128c6ce5045ea9a7832a51bc328a2","莫斯特文化","莫斯特文化,Mousterian,尼安德特人,勒瓦娄哇技术,旧石器时代,Levallois,中期旧石器时代,石器工业,直立人,古人类,奥瑞纳文化,周口店","mousterian-culture","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1779776644371_mousterian52.jpg","2026-05-25T13:02:40","2026-07-18T19:43:22","莫斯特文化（Mousterian）是旧石器时代中期最重要的石器工业之一，与尼安德特人密切相关。本文系统介绍莫斯特文化的起源、勒瓦娄哇技术、工具特点、主要遗址，以及其在人类演化史中的重要地位。",{"id":52,"name":53,"keywords":54,"slug":55,"author":7,"ogImage":56,"isBlog":29,"createDate":57,"updateDate":58,"description":59},"c78fabc8c99d47f9b5cad8150c9b7ae7","东周之春秋争霸","周朝,西周,东周,春秋","hegemony-struggles-of-the-spring-and-autumn-period","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770283774881_720_1765271361660_dz.jpg","2025-12-09T16:40:41","2026-07-22T19:49:21","公元前771年，西周在犬戎的铁蹄与周幽王的荒唐中覆灭。本文解析“烽火戏诸侯”的真相、毛公鼎铭文中的宣王中兴，以及周平王东迁后，中国如何从礼乐文明走向诸侯兼并的春秋争霸时代。",{"id":61,"name":62,"keywords":63,"slug":64,"author":7,"ogImage":65,"isBlog":29,"createDate":66,"updateDate":67,"description":68},"143ae647100d45189671744da1dce245","埃及第六王朝","埃及第六王朝,古王国","sixth-dynasty-of-egypt","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277637156_720_000166_1762997740257_000166_1710146399374.jpg","2023-12-29T12:42:22","2026-07-20T16:51:52","埃及第六王朝是古王国最后一个王朝，特提、佩皮一世、超长统治的佩皮二世，中央集权衰落、地方势力崛起，叠加气候灾难，最终导致古王国崩溃。",{"id":70,"name":71,"keywords":72,"slug":73,"author":7,"ogImage":74,"isBlog":29,"createDate":75,"updateDate":76,"description":77},"4b26942ed22d4ae3880c0eb77611e076","埃及第十九王朝","埃及第十九王朝,埃及新王国,拉美西斯","the-nineteenth-dynasty-of-egypt","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770282529500_720_000183_1715670206806.jpg","2024-05-14T14:15:24","2026-07-21T21:21:04","埃及第十九王朝由拉美西斯一世创立，经塞提一世奠基、拉美西斯二世推向鼎盛，延续新王国强国地位，留下阿布辛贝神庙等不朽遗产，见证古埃及帝国的余晖。",{"id":79,"name":80,"keywords":81,"slug":82,"author":7,"ogImage":83,"isBlog":29,"createDate":84,"updateDate":85,"description":86},"919b416e88614c30a4a7c0e644ac0d12","雅典执政官制度","雅典,希腊,执政官,民主","emergence-of-the-archon-system","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770290389975_720_1765864819085_Archon.jpg","2025-12-16T13:37:04","2026-02-03T21:09:01","雅典执政官制度取代世袭王权，从终身、十年任期到一年一选，从 1 人到 9 人分权，战神山议事会掌权，奠定民主改革基础。",{"id":88,"name":89,"keywords":90,"slug":91,"author":7,"ogImage":92,"isBlog":29,"createDate":93,"updateDate":94,"description":95},"37a8f3ba255846fc878e141afbb90230","萨尔贡与阿卡德帝国","萨尔贡大帝,阿卡德帝国,美索不达米亚","sargon-the-great-akkadian-empire","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277603372_720_1763997605352_Sargon_of_Akkad_and_dignitaries.jpg","2025-09-16T18:20:34","2026-07-20T15:42:59","萨尔贡大帝结束苏美尔城邦混战，建立人类历史上第一个多民族中央集权帝国 —— 阿卡德帝国，统一两河流域，开创西亚帝国时代。",{"id":97,"name":98,"keywords":99,"slug":100,"author":7,"ogImage":101,"isBlog":29,"createDate":102,"updateDate":103,"description":104},"913752e3994643599830ed0185da3d7f","第一次平民撤离与保民官制度","古罗马,第一次平民撤离,保民官","first-secessio-plebis","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770291231616_720_1769568711366_First_secessio_plebis2.jpg","2026-01-17T11:41:37","2026-02-03T22:41:16","公元前494年，罗马平民通过集体撤离圣山的非暴力斗争，迫使贵族设立保民官。本文详述了第一次平民撤离运动的起因、李维笔下的负债老兵故事，以及保民官制度如何重塑罗马共和制的权力制衡体系。",{"id":106,"name":107,"keywords":108,"slug":109,"author":7,"ogImage":110,"isBlog":29,"createDate":111,"updateDate":112,"description":113},"0ca53449ea5a4f0ab8ede7c45819b55d","奥杜威石制砍砸器","奥杜威石制砍砸器,Oldowan,奥杜威峡谷,能人,直立人,南方古猿,人类起源,古人类学,东非大裂谷,玛丽利基,史前石器工具,模式1工业","olduvai-stone-chopping-tool","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/canto-tallado-2-guelmim-es-semara.jpg","2026-08-14T15:23:40","2026-08-30T19:33:22","探索奥杜威石制砍砸器——距今约260万年、人类已知最早的石器之一。从奥杜威峡谷的考古发现到能人、直立人的演化历程，了解工具制造如何开启人类文明的起点。",{"id":115,"name":116,"keywords":117,"slug":118,"author":7,"ogImage":119,"isBlog":29,"createDate":120,"updateDate":121,"description":122},"2e59b4b4c9544b098a99238b3aa94133","埃及新王国时期","埃及新王国,埃及第十八王朝","new-kingdom-of-egypt","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278374545_720_1764154848757_Ramses_II_besieging_the_Cheta_people_in_Dapur.jpg","2025-09-16T21:05:51","2026-07-21T17:11:52","新王国是古埃及最鼎盛的帝国时代，阿赫摩斯一世驱逐希克索斯人，图特摩斯三世开疆拓土，拉美西斯二世留名青史，见证埃及文明的巅峰辉煌。",{"id":124,"name":125,"keywords":126,"slug":127,"author":7,"ogImage":128,"isBlog":29,"createDate":129,"updateDate":130,"description":131},"51a792ae163c40f3ba226a13f0d2f30b","近东新石器时代农业革命","近东新石器时代农业革命｜人类从采集狩猎到定居农耕的文明大转折","neolithic-agricultural-revolution","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770276953052_720_1761571852246_Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture2.jpg","2025-09-10T22:56:12","2026-08-17T19:39:21","什么是近东农业革命？新仙女木事件、新月沃地、动植物驯化、社会分工与文明起源。本文系统讲解改变人类历史的新石器革命。",{"id":133,"name":134,"keywords":135,"slug":136,"author":7,"ogImage":137,"isBlog":29,"createDate":138,"updateDate":139,"description":140},"41a0c37b5aa846549fb63be66fe82c3b","古王国与金字塔时代","埃及古王国｜金字塔时代开启、第三王朝、左塞尔阶梯金字塔与伊蒙霍特普","old-kingdom-of-egypt","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770277323682_720_000166_1710145044321.jpg","2025-09-16T16:51:51","2026-07-19T21:43:31","古王国是埃及第一个中央集权黄金时代，又称金字塔时代。第三王朝左塞尔建造第一座石造阶梯金字塔，伊蒙霍特普设计，标志埃及文明正式崛起。",{"id":142,"name":143,"keywords":144,"slug":145,"author":7,"ogImage":146,"isBlog":29,"createDate":147,"updateDate":148,"description":149},"47a8b8099952445fb6dec0c099fa0542","希波战争","希波战争,希腊,波斯","greco-persian-wars","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770291207033_720_1767604173163_Spartans_at_Plataea.jpg","2026-01-04T15:40:44","2026-02-03T22:40:27","希波战争（前 499 - 前 449 年）由爱奥尼亚起义点燃，波斯帝国为征服希腊、报复雅典而远征，希腊城邦为捍卫独立联合抵抗，这场战争深刻影响了古希腊文明的走向。",{"id":151,"name":152,"keywords":153,"slug":154,"author":7,"ogImage":155,"isBlog":29,"createDate":156,"updateDate":157,"description":158},"51951abe6a734b3fbf845bbdc479c1fb","奥尔梅克文明","奥尔梅克文明,美洲文明","emergence-of-olmec-civilization","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770282934815_720_1765003093726_seated_figure_olmec.jpg","2025-09-16T22:21:58","2026-07-21T22:45:54","奥尔梅克是中美洲最早的伟大文明，以巨石头像、金字塔、球场与神祇信仰影响后世玛雅、阿兹特克，本文详解其文明全貌。",{"id":160,"name":161,"keywords":162,"slug":163,"author":7,"ogImage":164,"isBlog":29,"createDate":165,"updateDate":166,"description":167},"cccdabf120e54b7ea599ac791619c3e8","中埃兰时期","埃兰文明,中埃兰时期,苏萨,伊朗","middle-elamite-period","https://image.big-history.online/tree_24.40/1770278576852_720_000188_1718268471160.jpg","2024-06-13T16:29:38","2026-07-21T19:31:00","中埃兰时期（前 1500 - 前 1100 年）历经三大王朝，推进埃兰化，灭亡加喜特巴比伦，留下恰高・占比尔神庙等重要遗迹。"]